Habitat: Aloe Vera grows wild predominantly in India, Central/South America
,Africa, Arabia, also cultivated in Europe.
Part
used :
Whole plant
Aloe
Vera is a coarse-looking perennial plant with a short stem.
Widely
prized in the ancient world as "plant of immortality". Ancient Egyptians buried it with pharaohs in tombs. Cleopatra and
Queen of Nile used it for bathing. Many ancient physicians, such as Galen,
Pliny, Dioscorides as well as Surushta and Charaka, praised its values. It was
brought to the USA from Africa in the sixteenth century. In many countries it
has become a common household remedy for the variety of uses.
Ayurvedic Herbal Energetics
RasaTikta,Madhura
ViryaShita
VipakaMadhura
GunasGuru, Picchila, Snigdha
(1,2)
Karmas of Aloe Vera
Vranaropana (wound healing activity), Rasayana(rejuvenative
for the skin, intestines, female reproductive system),Artavajanana (promotes
menses),Dipana (enkindles the digestive fire),Visphota (removes pustules), Bhedaniya
Purgative - powder), Raktapitta (alleviates bleeding),Amapacana (clearing
ama),Visahara (destroys poison), Llihayakrdvrddhihara (reduces inflammations of
spleen and liver), Granthi(clears tumor).(1)
Aloe Vera works on
all dhatus and following srotas: digestive, circulatory, female
reproductive, excretory.
VPK =
(1,2)
Aloe vera contains B12, vitamin A and E, iron, potassium,
calcium, protein, folic acid, chromium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin C, essential
fatty acids and amino acids.
In human clinical studies,
the juice of the Aloe plant aids digestive irritations like colitis, IBS and
soothes stomach ulcers because the plant extract encourages the release of
gastric juice enzyme needed to aid digestion called pepsin.
Aloe Vera gel is an excellent tonic for
the liver and spleen, for the female reproductive and blood system.
Chromium--the mineral that researchers found in the Aloe plant--is known to
benefitpatients
suffering from circulatory problems, as well as cardiac disease. It was found
that high concentrations of the Aloe gel stimulated the production of white
blood cells in the body.
For 5 years, studies
of five thousand patients with
atheromatous heart disease were done, adding the 'Husk of Isabgol' and 'aloe
vera'to the diet. A noticeable
reduction in total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting and post-prandial
blood sugar level in diabetic patients, total lipids and also increase in HDL
were noted. Also, "the clinical profile of these patients showed reduction in
the frequency of anginal attacks and gradually, the drugs, like verapamil,
nifedipine, beta-blockers and nitrates, were tapered. The patients, most
benefitted, were diabetics (without adding any antidiabetic drug)." The exact
mechanism of the action is not known, but probably it is working because of
high fiber contest. No side effect was noted and all the five thousand patients
are surviving till date.(3 )
Chinese scientists researched antioxidant properties and
cell protective effects of a polysaccharide from Aloe vera. The result
suggested that it "could be a preventive and therapeutic significance to some
free radical associated health problems such as coronary heart ailments,
Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Furthermore, the finding shed as well
fresh light helpful for a better understanding of the health-benefiting
potential of the edible plant consumed by the Chinese people for a couple of
centuries."(4)
It supports the immune system and healthy
breathing. Pacifies all agnis, reduces and rejuvenate Pitta. 2t of it can be
taken 3 times a day, with a pinch of turmeric as a general tonic (2). Externally,
the gel has been used in many ways: cosmetics, wound-healing, psoriases (5). "Freeze-dried Aloe vera extract is a
natural effective ingredient for improving skin hydration, possibly through a
humectant mechanism. Consequently, it may be used in moisturizing cosmetic
formulations and also as a complement in the treatment of dry skin."(6,). Separate
studies revealed that adding aloe vera gel in the sunscreenincreases efficiency of the formulation
more then four times. (6)
Aloe latex is officially approved as a laxative in the US,
Germany, England. It is recommended for such conditions as hemorrhoids,
fissures, after rectal and anal surgeries. Externally, latex is used as a
soothing agent in treating burns and mild cuts in a gel form (7).
Aloe Vera gel showed significant results in treating
diabetes mellitus, asthma, and peptic ulcers
In animal studies,
aloe gel showed wound healing, anti-inflammatory, gastro protective,
spermicidal, antiviral, as well as cholesterol lowering and immune-stimulating
qualities (8, 9 ).
Wound healing. A
recent study showed aloe is more effective than conventional treatments for
burns, frostbite, and intra-arterial damage.
Antiviral and
spermicidal effect was shown in an in vitro study. The authors concluded
that it might be useful as a contraceptive, especially in preventing the
transmission
of HIV.
Gastro protective properties.
When aloe gel was given to rats before ulcer inducing stress, the number of
ulcers decreased by 80%. After developing ulcers, the animals given aloe vera
gel recovered 3 times faster compare to the control animals (9).
Immune stimulation. When given orally to animals, it was
shown to lower cholesterol.
Animal studies found antitumor and anticancer activity in
alcoholic extract of aloe.
Recent human clinical
studies of external use of aloe vera gel for wound healing and psoriasis
showed that aloe accelerated healing by 72 hours (patients after dermabrasion).
The wounds of patients with frostbites and burns healed
faster and had less tissue loss and fewer complications compare with
conventional methods (10).
The internal use of the gel has been studied for treating
asthma; diabetes mellitus and peptic ulcers showed and reported positive
results ( 8 ).
In addition to gel and powder form, tincture and fermented gel
are being used.
The famous classic Ayurvedic medicine, Kumaryasava, uses fermented aloe gel to
make a tonic herbal wine, such a wine which is normally flavored usingjaagery or honey and varied spices. It
is used as a remedy for the treatment of anemia in patients; in the treatment
of the digestive system, various female reproductive and liver disorders.
"...This recipe increases strength, color, digestive capacity,
weight and taste, acts as a aphrodisiac, relieves pain of indigestion, eight
kinds of udara (abdominal inlargment ), severe kshaya (consumption), twenty
kinds of prameha (diabetes ), udavarta ( reverse peristalsis ), apasmara (
epilepsy ), sukra dosas ( disorders of the semen ), ashmari ( urinary calculus
), krmi ( parasites ) and raktapitta ( purpura ) without doubt (18-27)." (11).
Aloe can be combined with shatavari as a nutritive tonic,
with gentian as a bitter tonic, with manjista as an emmenagogue (12).
Contraindications:
pregnancy (powder), powder in vata constipation.
Aloe Vera is contraindicated in cases of known allergy to
plants in the Liliaceae family.
Conclusion
Aloe vera is well known and used worldwide as a medicinal
plant.
The external use of aloe vera for minor wounds, burns (including
radiation burns), and frostbites has been established through extensive use and
clinical and pharmacological studies. The internal use of Aloe vera for peptic
ulcer, diabetes type 2, asthma, HIV and many other potential uses needs
additional studies. Since ancient time, aloe has provided humankind with
numerous valuable medicinal products. Human studies continue to confirm its
therapeutic use.
4. Wu JH,
Xu C, Shan CY, Tan RX, "Antioxidant properties and PC12 cell protective
effects of APS-1, a polysaccharide from Aloe vera var. chinensis". Life
Sci. 2006 Jan : 622-630.
5..Bruneton,J.
1995. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medical Plants. .Paris Lavoisier
Publishing.
6. Dal'Belo
SE, Gaspar LR, Maia Campos PM., "Moisturizing effect of cosmetic
formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed
by skin bioengineering techniques.". Skin Res Technol. 2006 Nov;:
241-246.
7. Bradley,P.R.,1992.British Herbal
Compendium.Vol.1.Dorset:British Herbal Medicine Association
8.
Davis,R.H.et.al.1994.Mannose-6-Phosphate:Anti-inflammatory and wound healing
activity of a growth substance in Aloe vera.J.Appl.Hort.,2(1):10-14
9. Danhof,I.
1991.Potential Benefits from Orally ingested Internal Aloe vera Gel. Irving,
Texas: International Aloe Science Council 10th Annual Aloe Scientific Seminar
Lavandula angustifolia, Lamiaceae, Common Lavender, True Lavender, English Lavender, inflorescence; Karlsruhe, Deutschland. The fresh flowers are used in homeopathy as remedy: Lavandula (Lav-o.) Deutsch: Lavandula angustifolia, Lamiaceae, Echter Lavendel, Infloreszenz; Karlsruhe, Deutschland. Die frischen Blüten werden in der Homöopathie als Arzneimittel verwendet: Lavandula (Lav-o.) (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
By Shaw Lathrop
Dec. 2, 2010
Herbology Class, Alandi Ashram, Boulder,
CO
Instructor, Jane Bunin, PhD
INTRODUCTION
Since a young
age I have been intoxicated by the fragrant smell and delightful color of lavender.
When choosing a plant to write a research report on my mind swiftly settled on
this lovely variety.
True lavender
(Lavandula angustifolia) is one member of a genus of 39 species of flowering
plants of the mint family (Labiatae) that are considered "lavenders". The
Lavandula genus includes annuals, woody perennials and small shrubs.
RESEARCH
Upon beginning
to research lavender I at once discovered that a widespread use and love of
this plant has provided the world with a wealth of information with which to
draw from.Lavender is one of the
oldest medicinal herbs, having over 2500 years of recorded use. In my research
I attempted to draw on a diverse background of sources including scientific
journals, field guides, gardening and horticulture books, and ethnobotanical
sources. My work is by no means exhaustive, but rather attempts to provide a
well-rounded resource for those interested in the potential medicinal
properties of this delightful herb.
PLANT NOMENCLATURE
The name
"lavender" is often said to come from the Latin word "lavare" meaning "to wash"
because the Romans were known to use it in their baths. (Oxford English Dictionary (second ed.). 1989)
However, Sally
Festing in The Story of Lavender (Festing, S. (1985) The Story of Lavender,
Hyperion Books pg. 137) suggests that the English name "lavender" most likely
came from the Latin word "livendula" which means "bluish" and is the root of
the word "livid".
Flower
and Fruit: The flowers are in false whorls of 6 to 10
blossoms forming interrupted terminal spikes. The pedicles are 10 to 15 cm long
downy stems. The bracts are 5 mm long, ovate to broadly triangular, often brown
and brown-violet or violet-tinged. The tubular calyx has 5 uneven tips, it is
amethyst-colored, tomentose and after flowering it is closed by a lidlike
appendage of its upper tip. The corolla is longer with a cylindrically fused base,
the lips are flat, and the upper lip is larger with 2 lobes. The lower lip is
3-lobed with even tips. The stamens are enclosed in the tube. The ovary
consists of 4 carpels and has a nectary below it. The fruit is a glossy brown
nutlet.
Leaves,
Stem and Root: English Lavender is a 60 cm
high sub-shrub and is heavily branched with leafy, erect, rod-like, gray-green,
young branches. The leaves are sessile, oblong-lanceolate, entire-margined,
involute, gray, later green with glandular spots beneath.(Bailey, L.H. (1949) Manual of
Cultivated Plants Most Commonly Grown in the Continental United States and
Canada.MacMillan
Publishing Company pg. 1116)
HABITAT
Lavender is
reported by most sources to be native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean
region, tropical areas of Africa, southern India, and the area around modern
day Iraq. Today lavender is grown in herb gardens throughout the world and is
commercially grown in Europe, Australia, Russia, and America. It can even be
grown right here in Boulder, Colorado.
Easy to grow,
Lavender likes warm weather, a sunny location and moderate water. In cold
climates it may not survive the winter. Lavenders flourish best in dry,
well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils in full sun. All types need little or no
fertilizer and good air circulation; in areas of high humidity, root rot due to
fungus infection can be a problem.
(McCaleb,
Roberts S. The encyclopedia of popular herbs 2000 Prima publishing pages
281-287)
PHENOLOGY
Depending on the
growing region, Lavender growers can enjoy different varieties of the plant
from early spring to mid summer. Each variety has a distinct flowering period.
Non-English
Lavenders such as Spanish, Yellow, Sweet, French, Allardii, Goodwin Creek Gray,
and Woolly Lavender start blooming early to mid spring. Spanish and Yellow
Lavenders finish up after four or five weeks, with the others blooming for a
bit longer.
The English
Lavenders which include English, Munstead, Hidcote, Hidcote Pink, Jean Davis,
Sarah, and Vera flower in mid to late spring. These second-round bloomers are
finished by late spring or early summer.
The English
Lavender Hybrids, sometimes referred to as Lavandins; come in third in the
bloom cycle, starting just as the English Lavenders are finishing, and
continuing to mid summer.
(http://www.mountainvalleygrowers.com/lavendercareandtips.htm
No author cited. 1997)
COLLECTING/PREPARATIONS
Flower stalks
are harvested in full bloom and during the hottest part of the day. The parts of the plant that are collected and used for medical
application include the essential oil extracted from the fresh flowers and/or
the inflorescences, the fresh flowers and the dried flowers.
The
essential oil, which is the most commonly used medicinal form of lavender, is
distilled from the flower stalks and flowers. The best quality oil is distilled
from the flowers (without the stalks) which are distilled immediately, with no
drying or fermentation since fresh lavender yields more esters.
In herbal medicine, the fresh or dried flowers are used in
infusions, tinctures, or macerated oils. An
infusion is prepared by adding 5 to 10 ml of lavender per cup of hot water (150
ml), drawing for 10 minutes, and straining. For external use as bam additive,
100 g of lavender is scalded or boiled with 2 liters of water and added to the
bath.
The fresh or dried flowers are also used in cooking and
impart a delicious, distinctive flavor to cookies, sauces, and other dishes. Combinations with other sedative and/or carminative herbs are
generally considered to be beneficial.
An
absolute and concrete of lavender are also produced by solvent extraction for
use in perfumery but should is not recommended for aromatheraputic use. (Joerg Gruenwald, PhD (eds) (2000) Physician's Desk Reference for herbal
medicines. Medical Economics Company pg. 277)
MEDICINAL USES
Historical Uses
Lavender
has a long history of use, and is cited as having a wide range of applications.
I will begin by discussing historical uses of lavender and then go on to look
at modern day applications.
The
lavender plant may have first been domesticated in Arabia well before the time
of Jesus and was used there as an expectorant and antispasmodic. From Arabia,
it was then carried by the Greeks and Romans, who used it to cure or ward off a
host of illnesses. Eventually it reached France, Spain, Italy and England where
it became well established as a remedy for stomach complaints and nervousness
and as a cosmetic water to benefit the skin. It was used from very early times
as a strewing herb for its deodorizing and disinfecting properties. (Festing,
S. (1985) The Story of Lavender, Hyperion Books pg. 137)
Dioscorides,
the famous first century Greek physician, recommended lavender for "grief's of
the thorax" and also noted that it relieved headaches, indigestion and sore
throats when used internally and was good for treating wounds or burns and for
skin conditions when used externally (Dioscorides (c. 65 A.D.) De Materia Medica. Ibidis Press).
It
was often cited by Hildegard of Bingen, the famous 12th century mystic. It was
one of her favorite herbs and she recommended it for migraine headaches, a use
which has persisted into modern times, as well as for "maintaining a pure
character". (Hildegard,B. (reprint 1997) Causae
et Curae. Pattloch pg. 307) Later, it was one of the major ingredients of
the so-called Thieves Vinegar used in the Middle Ages during the Plague and was
also considered an aphrodisiac. (Festing)
By
the 19th Century, doctors used lavender essential oil to treat headaches,
memory loss, fainting, depression, and infertility in women. (Festing)
Maude
Grieve, the famous 20th Century herbalist, offered an extensive treatise on
various species of lavender in her Herbal and this has been the source of much
of the historical information on this plant that is now widely quoted in many
books and articles . Regarding the therapeutic actions and uses of lavender,
she mentions its carminative and nervine properties and its use in depression,
fatigue, snake bites, headache, loss of memory and an extensive array of other
aliments. (Grieve, M. (1971) A Modern Herbal, Vol. II. Dover Edition pg. 521)
Modern Uses
In
modern days, the most commonly used preparation of lavender is the essential oil.
The majority of scientific journal reports I found are dealing with the use of
the oil.Lavender essential oil is
described as one of the most versatile essential oils and a wide range of
therapeutic uses is reported. It is described as having outstanding cooling,
soothing, and calming properties which make it useful in conditions involving
inflammation, spasm, pain and restlessness. Lavender has been described as
having remarkable balancing effects on the central nervous system and as being
an outstanding choice for people who are suffering from stress, tension,
insomnia, nervous exhaustion and related depression. It is described as calming
and soothing to the nervous system and the body-mind and its reputed tonic
properties are believed to help overcome exhaustion and apathy.
Moss
M, Cook J, et al, "Aromas of Rosemary and Lavender Essential Oils
Differentially Affect Cognition and Mood in Healthy Adults", International Journal of Neuroscience,
Vol. 113, Issue 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 15-38: Results suggest that olfactory
presentation of lavender essential oil decreased performance on cognitive tasks
while rosemary oil produced mixed results (performance on some measures was
enhanced compared to controls while on other measures it was degraded); the
rosemary group was found to have greater alertness than the control or lavender
groups, while both the lavender and rosemary groups reported better mood than
controls. The authors conclude that the olfactory properties of essential oils
can produce objective effects on cognitive performance and subjective effects
on mood.
Buchbauer
G, Jirovetz L, et al, "Aromatherapy: evidence for the sedative effects of
the essential oil of lavender after inhalation", Naturforsch C. 1991, Nov-Dec; 46 (11-12): pp 1067 - 72. Inhalation
of lavender essential oil was found to reduce caffeine-induced hyperactivity in
mice to near-normal motility. The reduction showed a correlation with serum
linalool levels and the authors conclude that the study provides support for
the aromatherapeutic use of herbal pillows to facilitate falling asleep and to
reduce stress.
Saeki
Y, "The effect of foot-bath with or without essential oil of lavender on
the autonomic nervous system: a randomized trial", Complimentary Therapies in Medicine, 2000, Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp.
2-7. Subjects sat with their feet soaking in hot water, with or without
lavender essential oil, for ten minutes during which electrocardiogram,
finger-tip blood flow and respiration were recorded; autonomic function was
evaluated using spectral analysis of heart rate variability. The foot baths
caused no changes in heart rate or respiratory rate but produced a significant
increase in blood flow. On spectral analysis, the parasympathetic activity
increased significantly during both types of foot-bath. In the lavender
foot-bath, there were delayed changes to the balance of autonomic activity in
the direction associated with relaxation.
Soden
K, Vincent K, et al, "A randomized controlled trial of aromatherapy
massage in a hospice setting", Palliative
Medicine, 2004, Vol. 18, No. 2, 87-92. Forty-two patients were randomly
assigned to receive massage with or without lavender essential oil added to the
inert massage base. Outcome measures include a Visual Analog Scale of pain
intensity, a sleep scale, an anxiety and depression scale, and symptom
checklist. No significant long-term effects were found for lavender essential
oil in terms of improving pain control, anxiety or quality of life. Sleep
scores improved in both groups and depression scores improved in the
massage-only groups. The authors conclude that lavender essential oil did not
increase the beneficial effects of massage.
Bardeau
F., "Utillisation d'HE aromatiques pour purifier et desodoriser l'air (Use
of essential aromatic oils to purify and deodorize the air", Le Chirurgien-dentiste de France, 1976,
Sept 29; 46 (319): 53 Vaporized essential oils and their capacity to destroy
bacteria such as Proteus, Staph. Aureus, Strep. Pyrogenes and others were
examined. Oils which were found to be the most effective in destroying air
borne bacteria included clove, lavender, lemon, marjoram, mint, niaouli, pine,
rosemary, and thyme.
Piccaglia
R, Deans S G, et al, "Biological activity of essential oils from lavender,
sage, winter savory, and thyme of Italian origin", 1993 Programme Abstracts 24th International Symposium on Essential Oils.
The oils were tested for antimicrobial activity against 25 species including
food poisoning types and human disease pathogens. All oils showed good activity
against the majority of the bacteria. Lavender was most effective against
Clostridium sporogenes.
Imberger
I, Rupp J, et al, "Effect of Essential Oils on Human Attentional
Processes" 1993 Programme Abstracts
24th International Symposium on Essential Oils, The authors investigated
the effects of inhaled jasmine and lavender on human attentional processes. The
excitatory effects of jasmine and sedative effects of lavender were clearly
indicated in the results of vigilance tests. No effects were demonstrated
regarding alertness as measured by reaction time.
Dale
A, Cornwall S, "The role of lavender oil in relieving perineal discomfort
following childbirth: a blind randomized clinical trial", Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1994,
19:89-96. 635 women participated in a clinical trial to assess the possible
benefits of adding lavender oil to daily bath water for the first 10 days
following childbirth. Subjects were assigned to one of 3 groups: one in which 6
drops of lavender essential oil was added, one with the addition of an inert
aromatic substance, and one with synthetic lavender oil. Analysis of daily
discomfort scores showed no significant differences between the groups. The
authors concluded that lavender essential oil was not effective in this
application.
Ghelardini C, et al, "Local anaesthetic activity of the essential oil
of Lavandula angustifolia" Planta Med. 1999 Dec;65 (8):700-3.This work we
studied the local anaesthetic activity of essential oil obtained from lavender.
The authors compared its activity to the essential oils obtained from two
citrus fruits, Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f., which
have no medical uses. Anaesthetic activity was evaluated in vivo in the rabbit
conjunctival reflex test, and in vitro in a rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm
preparation. The essential oil of lavender but not the oils of Citrus
reticulata and Citrus limon were able to drastically reduce, in a
dose-dependent manner, the electrically evoked contractions of rat
phrenic-hemidiaphragm. In the rabbit conjunctival reflex test treatment with a
solution of essential oil of lavender administered in the conjunctival sac)
allow a dose-dependent increase in the number of stimuli necessary to provoke
the reflex, thus confirming in vivo the local anaesthetic activity observed in
vitro.
Winston D. "The use of herbs for treating chronic back pain:
a materia medica." J Am Herbalists Guild.
2005;6 (1):20-24. In this outline of recommendations of using herbal remedies
in conjunction with other treatments the author recommends using lavender as a
nervine and sedative to reduce stress and decrease muscle tension.
Approved
by Commission E:
• Loss of
appetite
•
Nervousness and insomnia
•
Circulatory disorders
•
Dyspeptic complaints
Internally,
English Lavender is used for mood disturbances such as restlessness or
insomnia, functional abdominal complaints (nervous stomach irritations,
Roehmheld syndrome, meteorism, nervous intestinal discomfort). Externally,
English Lavender is used in balneotherapy for treatment of functional
circulatory disorders.
When
taken internally, lavender is a mild sedative that helps with restlessness and insomnia,
reduces stomach acid and gas, and alleviates other intestinal difficulties.
Bitter tasting but with a rich and sweet aroma, lavender is often used in
colognes and perfumes and in many calming teas. Lavender is also used in
aromatherapy as a holistic relaxant and is said to have carminative,
antiflatulence and anticolic properties. Its sedative nature, on inhalation,
has been shown both in animals and man. Lavender has spasmolytic activity, as
does linalool, one of lavender's major components. The mode of action of
lavender oil resembles that of geranium and peppermint oils.
PRIMARY
CONSTITUENTS
Lavender
flowers contain: 1-3% essential oil, containing mainly monoterpenes (Lavandulae
aetheroleum, DAB 100, the most important component of which is linaloyl acetate
(30-55%), also linalool (20-35%), b-ocimene, cineole, and camphor, and also the
sesquiterpene caryophyllene oxide; tannins (5-10%), derivatives of rosmarinic
acid; courmarin; flavonoids; phytosterols.
Lavender
makes a complex essential oil with over 100 constituents including linalyl
acetate, linalool, lavandulol, lavandulyl acetate, terpineol, cineol, limonene,
ocimene, pinene, caryophyllene, linalyl butyrate, geranyl acetate, camphor,
coumarin, etc. The essential oils of lavender with a high ester content and
relatively low cineol and camphor are preferred. (Joerg Gruenwald, PhD (eds) (2000) Physician's Desk Reference for herbal medicines. Medical Economics
Company pg. 277)
CONTRA-INDICATIONS
Lavender
must be used in the appropriate dose to achieve best results. 4 drops or less
per application produces a relaxing, balancing effect. When more than 4 drops
are given in a two hour period, lavender may loose its balancing and calming
effect and can become too stimulating, leading to restlessness and anxiety. (http://www.newyorkbuyersclub.org/resources/recommended-reading-files/13-DEPRESSION-ANXIETY-SLEEP.pdf
No Author cited)
Lavender
essential oil is generally considered non-toxic, non-irritant, and
non-sensitizing in normal doses. However, at least one author has reported that
it can cause dermatitis (J.A. Duke, 1985, cited in Aromatherapy for Health Professionals by Shirley and Len Price, 2nd
Edition, (1999)).
An
article in the Feb 2007 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine·(Derek V., et al, "Prepubertal
Gynecomastia Linked to Lavender and Tea Tree Oils" New England Journal of medicine 356;5 February 1, 2007 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa064725)
reported one researcher's concern that products containing lavender and/or tea
tree essential oils may have been responsible for abnormal breast development
in three pre-pubertal boys. Each of these boys had used a product, such as a
soap or hair product, containing one or both of these essential oils and the
author hypothesized that since these oils have a weak hormonal effect in vitro,
they could have caused the abnormal growth in the boys. This article received a
lot of press and has raised concerns for some about the use of these oils,
despite the fact that the study was poorly designed and not well controlled.
The Aromatherapy Trade Council (Great Britain) has published a critique of the
study and dismisses the conclusions of the original article as unfounded. (Robert
Tisserand (2007)
http://www.a-tc.org.uk/pages/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPage&sec=6&page=189)
Many of the
theraputic uses listed were approved by commission E.
Readers will quickly notice that
the Commission E monographs do not include any references to the literature
used by the Commission members in assessing the safety and efficacy of the
herbal drugs under review. This is unlike the format for the monographs
published in 1990 and subsequently by ESCOP. Commission E and ESCOP monographs
are similar insofar as they are therapeutic monographs and do not detail
standards for quality as are found in a pharmacopeial monograph.
According to Prof. Schilcher
every monograph has a Begrundung , an
unpublished justification with most of the relevant references. This material
is stored at the BfArM in Berlin and only in conflicts or cases of disputes to
the Medical Act can an attorney or a scientific organization view these
references. The references were originally included in data reviewed by members
of the Commission in determining monograph evaluations (Schilcher, 1998a).
McCaleb, Roberts
S. The encyclopedia of popular herbs 2000 Prima publishing pages 281-287
Ashwagandha
is native to the dry regions of south central Asia, and thrives in a
Mediterranean-type climate such as Southern California.It grows prolifically in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It is commercially
cultivated in Madhya
Pradesh (a state in India).
Here
is a list of where it is found natively-
AFRICA Macaronesia: Cape Verde; Spain - Canary Islands Northern Africa: Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Morocco; Tunisia Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Somalia; Sudan East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda West Tropical Africa: Liberia; Mali; Nigeria South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; Mozambique;
Zambia; Zimbabwe Southern Africa: Botswana; Lesotho; Namibia; South Africa - Cape Province, Free
State, KwaZulu-Natal, Transvaal; Swaziland Western Indian Ocean: Mauritius
ASIA-TEMPERATE Arabian Peninsula: Arabia Western Asia: Afghanistan; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Turkey
ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: India; Pakistan; Sri Lanka
EUROPE Southeastern Europe: Greece;Italy - Sardinia, Sicily Southwestern Europe: Spain
Plant Parts
Used
Dried roots are used in Ayurveda in various formulations. Powdered roots are
also used for its nutritive properties.
Ethnobotany
Ashwagandha
root has been used in India for at least between 3,000-5,000 years, to enhance
libido and sexual vitality, improve fertility and overall reproductive health,
and to reduce stress. In ancient times it was drunk in buffalo milk.
Robin Lane Fox, an English scholar, mentioned Ashwagandha in his biography
about Alexander The Great. According to the biography in the time of Alexander,
wine prepared from Ashwagandha was in wide use. He and his army use to prepare
this wine to gain energy and get rid of various ailments.
According to Anne Van Arsdall, a scolar of Medieval herbal remedies,
Ashwagandha was called apollinaris and also glofwyrt in The
Old English Herbarium, and had a legend that Apollo found it first and gave
it to the healer Aesculapius.
Ashwagandha
was traditionally available as powder that was made after crushing roots of the
plant thoroughly and then sieving it through a very fine cloth. Various other
preparations were being made using this powder that is mentioned below. In
today's global market Ashwagandha is available in powder, capsules, syrups and
tablet forms. It is readily available.
Ayurvedic classical preparations
Ashwagandharista -a decoction preparation that is being prepared
with Ashwagandha as a main ingredient.
Ashwagandhaghrta - an Ashwagandha preparation in which it is
processed in the ghee.
Ashwagandha churna- a powdered preparation
of Ashwagandha root.
Ashwagandhavaleha -a classical
preparation in which Ashwagandha along with other herbs are processed to make
it in a paste texture that can be licked.
Saubhagyasunthipaka - a preparation in
which Ashwagandha and sunthi (dried ginger) are taken in major proportion with
other herbs taken in smaller amounts.
Sukumaraghrta - an Ashwagandha
preparation made in ghee. It is generally prepared for children.
Maharasnadi yoga - a Ashwagandha
preparation that is widely used as pain killer by ayurvedic practitioners.
Dosage
Dosage of various forms of Ashwagandha is given below considering a
person of normal weight and height. These can vary from person to person.
Caution
should be used with clients on anticonvulsants, and barbiturates. Ashwagandha is
traditionally avoided in lymphatic congestion, during colds and flu, or
symptoms of ama.
Ayurvedic
Uses
-It
is used in formulations for its excellent anti inflammatory & pain
relieving properties.
-Application
of soft paste or poultice made of leaves or roots or both of Ashwagandha is
indicated in cases of goiter & glandular inflammations.
-Oil
prepared with infusion from roots of Ashwagandha is recommended in 'Daurbalya'
(general weakness) to rejuvenate muscles & to strengthen joints and
associated tissues and in Vata related disorders.
-It
is a rasayana herb & is used for rejuvenation and revitalization of
musculo-skeletal system.
-It
is used in circulatory disorders for its hypotensive, brady-cardiac &
depressant properties. It helps to control cardiac inflammation.
-It
helps in congestion & helps in breathing difficulty. Widely used in
Ayurvedic formulations for asthma, chronic cough, allergic cough.
-Ashwagandha
has excellent diuretic properties. In females it is used in formulations for
uterine inflammation, leucorrhea and menstrual disorders.
-Ashwagandha
is widely used in Ayurvedic formulations as a tonic for stimulating male
genital system and in conditions such as loss of libido, erectile dysfunction,
oligospermia & impotence.
-It
has sedative & mild hypnotic properties.
-Root and
bitter leaves are used as a hypnotic in alcoholism and emphysematous dyspnea.
-Root is
used in doses of about 30 grains in consumption, emaciation of children, senile
debility, rheumatism, in all cases of general debility, nervous exhaustion,
brain-fag, low of memory, loss of muscular energy and spermator rhoea. It
infuses fresh energy and vigor in a system worn out owing to any constitutional
disease like syphilis, rheumatic fever etc., or from over-work and thus
prevents premature decay.
-Leaves
are used as an anthelmintic and as an application to carbuncles.
-Fruits
or seeds are used as diuretic, and to coagulate milk.
-Root is used as an application in obstinate ulcers and rheumatic swellings.
-Ashwagandha
is an ingredient in chyavanaprash. Chyavanaprash is used as a treatment for
kasa (cough), svasa (dyspnea), kshaya (consumption), svarabheda (voice
problems) and hrdroga (heart problems). It is also used in a special type of rasayana therapy called kutipraveshika,
employed after pancha karma, whereby the patient is housed in a specially constructed hut
and consumes nothing except Chyavanaprash, rice, ghee for a specified period of
time.
Ashwagandha is frequently a constituent of Ayurvedic formulas,
including shilajit.
Specific Ayurvedic Remedies
-A decoction of Ashwagandha root is
useful as nutrient and health restorative to pregnant and elderly people. You
can also take its powder with milk as an alternative.
-Ashwagandha Ghrita promotes the
nutrition and strength of children. For improving the nutrition of weak
children, give for two weeks.
-For curing the sterility of women, Ayurveda practitioners often prescribe a
boiled down decoction of Ashwagandha, milk and ghee. Take this for a few days,
soon after the menstrual period.
-For involuntary loss of semen, and
loss of strength, a powder consisting of Ashwagandha, sugar, ghee, honey and
long pepper is often given daily, with a milk and rice diet.
-Ashwagandha root taken with milk
or clarified butter acts as an aphrodisiac and restorative to old men. Ashwagandha
- Vidari Combination is a herbal remedy for this condition.
-The powder of Ashwagandha and rock
candy, in ghee is often prescribed for lumbago, pains in the loins or small of
the back.
-Fresh green root of Ashwagandha reduced to paste with cow's urine or with
water heated applied to the parts affected is useful for glandular
swellings.
-Narayana
Taila, an Ayurvedic herbal remedy containing Ashwagandha, is useful for
consumption, emaciation of children and rheumatism and as an enema in dysentery
and anal fistulae.
-A ghrita prepared with a decoction
and paste of Ashwagandha root is used internally and an oil prepared with a
decoction of the root and a number of aromatic substances in the form of a
paste is used externally for rheumatism.
-For skin diseases apply Ashwagandha powder well mixed with oil to
the skin.
-Also
for skin diseases make a paste of1 tsp Ashwagandha, 1/2 tsp Manjistha,
and 1/2 tspTurmeric. Apply to
Scaly eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis.
-For improving eyesight take a mixture of Ashwagandha powder, licorice
powder and juice of amla.
-Apply drops into the nose in
deafness, and as an ointment over the body in hemiplegia, tetanus, rheumatism,
and lumbago.
-Use a decoction of the roots of Ashwagandha, and licorice, with cow's milk to
promote lactation.
-For vitiligo
mix 1 tsp Ashwagandha and ½ tsp Red Sandalwood. Take internally + externally.
-For
Tuberculosis make a Yakshma, 1 tsp Ashwagandha boiled with goats milk, 1/16 tsp
pippali
Take
1 cup goat's milk, add 1 cup water, put 1 tsp Ashwagandha + 1/16 tsp pippali,
boil milk back to one cup. Give 1 cup morning + evening
Medical
research
-Adaptogen:
Researchers found that rats treated
with an extract of Ashwagandha showed better stress tolerance in cold water
swimming tests, a classic experimental model of adaptogenic activity (Archana
and Namasivayam 1999).
-Anti-inflammatory:
An extract of the aerial parts of
Ashwagndha had excellent anti-inflammatory effects in rats subjected to having
cotton-pellets surgically implanted under their skin (al-Hindawi et al
1992).An extract composed 80% of
Ashwagandha displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity on rats that were
exposed to a substance called carrageenan which is used to induce paw swelling
(al-Hindawi 1989).
-Antioxidant:
A root extract of Ashwagandha
prevented the rise of experimentally induced free radical build-up in rabbits
and mice (Dhuley 1998a). In tests conducted on rats' brains with an extract
taken from Ashwagandha root, it was found that there was significant increase
in three natural anti - oxidants. The natural antioxidants found were
glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. This ratio was
constant in various repeated tests conducted. (Bhattacharya et al 1997).
-Cancer:
The administration of Ashwagandha
rasayana (an Ayurvedic formulation containing Ashwagandha) significantly
reduced the lung tumor nodule formation by 55.6% in experimental animals (Menon
et al. 1997).An alcoholic extract
of the dried roots showed significant antitumor and radio-sensitizing effects
in experimental tumors in Chinese hamster cells, without any noticeable systemic
toxicity (Devi 1996). Ashwagandha displayed significant antitumor and radio-sensitizing
effects, inhibiting tumor growth and increasing survival in Swiss mice
inoculated with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, a specific type of cancer (Devi et
al 1995; Sharad et al 1996).The
administration of an extract of Ashwagandha was found to significantly reduce
induced leucopenia in lab animals, indicating its usefulness in cancer therapy
(Davis and Kuttan 1998).
-Central Nervous system:
Isolated constituents of Ashwagandha
increased neuron receptor capacity, partly explaining the cognition-enhancing
and memory-improving effects traditionally attributed to Ashwagandha (Schliebs
et al 1997). A commercial root extract of Ashwagandha used repeatedly over nine
days lessened the development of tolerance to the pain-killing effect of
morphine and suppressed morphine-withdrawal jumps (Kulkarni and Ninan 1997).
-Diabetes:
The hypoglycemic, diuretic and
hypocholesterolemic effects of roots of Ashwagandha were assessed in six
patients with mild Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and six patients
with mild hypercholesterolemia.The treatment consisted of the powder of roots over a 30 day period.At the end of the study, researchers
noted a decrease in blood glucose comparable to that of an oral hypoglycemic
drug, and a significant increase in urine sodium and urine volume, coupled with
a decrease in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (low density lipoproteins)
and VLDL (very low density lipoproteins) cholesterol, with no adverse effects
noted (Andallu and Radhika 2000).
-Immunity:
Myelosuppressed mice (those with
decreased production of red blood cells) treated with an extract of Ashwagandha
showed a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell
count, white blood cell count, platelet count and body weight as compared to
control groups. (Ziauddin et al 1996). Mice infected intravenously with
Aspergillus fumigatus (a fungus which causes strong allergic reactions) and
treated for 7 consecutive days with an oral preparation of an extract of
Ashwagandha displayed increased white blood cell activity and prolonged
survival time (Dhuley 1998).The
antifungal activity of Ashwagandha has been confirmed elsewhere, attributed to
a component it contains known as withanolides (Choudhary et al 1995).
-Musculo-skeletal:
A formulation containing roots of
Ashwagandha, the stem of Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense), rhizomes of
Curcuma longa (Turmeric ) and a zinc complex (Articulin-F), was evaluated in a
randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study in clients with
osteoarthritis.The results
produced a significant drop in severity of pain and disability, although
radiological assessment did not show any significant changes.Side effects were minimal and did not
necessitate the withdrawal of treatment. (Kulkarni et al 1991)
Classical References
Bhavaprakasa, Karsyadhikara, 40-9
Bhavaprakasa, Karsyadhikara, 40
Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Guducyadi
vara, 190
Bhavaprakasa, Rasayanadhikara,
73-13
Bhavaprakasa, Snayukarogadhikara
57-8
Bhavaprakasa, Yonirogadhikara
70-26
Cakradatta
Cakradatta, Rasayanadhikara, 16
Cakradatta, Vatavyadhi cikitsa,
22-90
Cakradatta Vatavyadhi cikitsa,
22/141-145
Cakradatta, Yonivyapata cikitsa
26
Caraka Samhita, cikitsa 17-117
Caraka Samhita, cikitsa 27
Caraka Samhita, Siddhi 10-3
Caraka Samhita, Sutra 3-7, 8,
Vimana 8-144 etc. Cikitsa 2-1, 34 etc. Siddhi, 3-37 etc.
Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Osadha varga,
1045-1047
Raja Nihantu, Satahvadi varga,
112
Raja Martanda
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Abraham,
A., I. Kirson, E. Glotter and D. Lavie.1968. A chemotaxonomic study of Withania
somnifera (L) Dunal . Phytochemistry, 7: 957-62.
Al-Hindawi,
M.K., I.H. Al-Deen, M.H. Nabi, and M.H. Ismail. 1989. Anti-inflammatory
activity of some Iraqi plants using intact rats. J Ethnopharmacol.
Sep; 26(2):163-8
Andallu
B, Radhika B. 2000. Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of
winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root. Indian J Exp Biol.
Jun;38(6):607-9
Aphale
A.A., A.D. Chhibba, N.R. Kumbhakarna, M. Mateenuddin and S.H. Dahat. 1998.
Subacute toxicity study of the combination of ginseng (Panax ginseng) and
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in rats: a safety assessment. Indian
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Archana,
R. and A. Namasivayam. 1999. Antistressor effect of Withania somnifera. J
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C.K. and Schwarting, A.E., 1961. Ashwagandha - An ancient Indian drug. Economic Botany, 15: 256-263.
Bhattacharya,
S.K., K.S. Satyan and S. Ghosal. 1997. Antioxidant activity of
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35(3):236-9
Choudhary,
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Nov; 40(4):1243-6
Dash,
Bhagwan. 1991. Materia Medica of Ayurveda. New Delhi:
B. Jain Publishers.
Davis,
L. and G. Kuttan. 1999. Effect of Withania somnifera on cytokine
production in normal and cyclophosphamide treated mice. Immunopharmacol
Immunotoxicol Nov; 21(4):695-703
Davis
L. and G. Kuttan. 1998. Suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity
by Withania
somnifera extract in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. Oct;
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Devi, P.U. 1996. Withania
somnifera Dunal (Ashwagandha): potential plant source of a
promising drug for cancer chemotherapy and radiosensitization. Indian J Exp
Biol. Oct; 34(10):927-32
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P.U., A.C. Sharada, and F.E. Solomon. 1995. In vivo growth inhibitory and
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Dhuley,
J.N. 1998. Effect of Ashwagandha on lipid peroxidation in stress-induced
animals. J Ethnopharmacol. Mar; 60(2):173-8
Dhuley,
J.N. 1998b. Therapeutic efficacy of Ashwagandha against experimental
aspergillosis in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. Feb; 20(1):191-8
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United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) 30-Aug-1999
A highly mineralized exudate that oozes from the rocks of mountainous
regions in Asia in the heat of summer, shilajit is a curious resin that
resembles asphalt and smells distinctly like cow urine.Loosely translated from Sanskrit as "conqueror
of the mountains and destroyer of weakness", shilajit's lofty prabhav is that it will cure any cureable disease when combined with
other appropriate medications.(Caraka Samhita)
A note on my research
process
The naturally occurring and medicinal shilajit is sometimes referred
to as asphaltum but is not to be confused with the asphaltum that is derived as
a residue from the refining of petroleum or the natural tar-like substance that
washes ashore from oil seepages beneath the Gulf of Mexico. It is also
often called "bitumen" which refers to a fossilized, tar-like, black and oily
substance which is a natural by-product of decomposed organic materials and
ranges from viscous to hard and brittle.There are documented accounts of coastal aboriginal people using asphaltum
and bitumen for the purpose of sealant, adhesive and paint and as early as the
Neanderthals using it to assemble tools.It is now known that true shilajit has a certain set of characteristic
constituents which account for its evidence based use as a timeless rasayana[1]widely used in Ayurveda.That
being said, an internet search for shilajit may also very well land one in a world
of advertisements for "Indian Viagra" and "the fountain of youth".For the purposes of this article I will
be referring to the humic substance comprised mainly of minerals known as
Himalayan shilajit.
A fair amount of research has been done on shilajit in Eastern
Universities.Unfortunately, I
found that the majority of studies testing medicinal hypotheses of shilajit was
done using animal subjects.
Botany and
ethnobotany
Latin Name: Asphaltum, Asphaltum punjabianum
Common Names:mineral
pitch, vegetable asphalt, bitumen , Jew's pitch,; Silajatu, mumiyo.; Other synonyms
according to Bhavprakash are:adrija,
saila niryasa, gaireya, asmaja, girija ans sailadhatuja;Other
names appearing in formulation are:jatu, jatuna and adrija(The Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part I
& II, 2003)
Plant Nomenclature: It appears that as
it is not a single plant, there is no further taxonomic classification for shilajit.It is simply listed as a "drug of
mineral origin" in the Ayurvedic Formulary.Research at Banaras Hindu University in India reveals via
chemical analysis that shilajit is the result of the humification of resin and
latex bearing plants.(Agrawal, 2003) including Euphorbia
royleana and Trifolium repens.
The primary active ingredients in shilajit
are fulvic acids, di-benzo alpha pyrones, humins, humic acids and trace
minerals.Chemical analysis has shown
that about 80% of the humus[2] components are present in shilajit.
While there are other similar substances
containing fulvic and humic acids, shilajit is differentiated in that it
contains oxygenated di-benzo alpha pyrones.Shilajit collected from different areas does in fact exhibit
differing chemical characteristics and bioactivities, however, the core
composition includes low molecular weight chemical markers, aucuparins, di-benzo
alpha pyrones and triterpenic acids.(Ghosal, 1990)
Ecologic
Status:Shilajit is formed and
found primarily in Asia in the Himalayan ranges in India, Nepal, Pakistan, China, Tibet, and
part of Central Asia and ScandinaviaIt has been found all over the mountains of Europe as well.Millions
of years ago, before the Himalayan mountains were formed, a fertile valley and
lush foliage existed in their place. As the movement of the continents caused
the valley to become the tallest mountain range in the world, the vegetation
became trapped and preserved between the rock formations.Still today, the range continues to
grow 1 cm. per year (U.S. Geological Survey) Due to extreme weather conditions
and temperature variation, rock formations shift and in doing so expose preciousshilajit. Because of its ancient
nature, the vegetation was never exposed to any type of fertilizer, pesticide,
herbicide, or pollution. (Hartman)
Some say that shilajit's origin is not absolutely known.According to others, it was discovered
by Himalayan villagers who observed large white
monkeys migrating to the mountains in the warm summer months. The monkeys were
seen chewing a semi-soft substance that flowed from between layers of rock. The
villagers attributed the monkeys' great strength, longevity and wisdom to the
substance. So, they began to consume it themselves and reported a broad
spectrum of improvements in health. (Hartman)
While there are several areas from which
the raw material is collected, it is thought that the highest levels of
therapeutic ingredients come from the "sacred" mountains, specific areas in the
Himalayas in Nepal at 10,000-12,000 feet above sea level. (Hartman)
It is not readily mentioned what the current supply situation for
shilajit is like.It does come from
an immense source-the Himalayan mountain range, but may be difficult to collect
due to the foreboding nature of the source.
Part used: Purified
Exudate.It is literally the oozing from the
crevices of the rocks on exposure to the heating sun rays of summertime.The exudate that is shilajit appears to
be the result of several factors:composted residue of certain resin or latex containing plants, the local
environment, the temperature, humidity and the geological makeup of the rocks
that it comes from.These varying
factors account for different varieties and the difference in energetics and
chemical constituents.According
to Bhavprakash, there are four
varieties:Sauvarna-gold Silajit (red color), Rajata-silver
(white color), Tamra-copper (blue color),
Ayasa-iron (blackish/brown color) and
referred to as Lauha in other sources.Of these, the black variety appears to be the best for
medicinal use, especially in cases where rasayana
is indicated, although all types are applicable in all conditions.(CH chi,
ch1, v 55-61)
Preparation:Shilajit is eaten by rats and monkeys
in its natural state but it needs to be purified in order to be suitable for
human consumption.Proper
processing of raw shilajit is very important as it
contains free radicals and possibly mycotoxins and fungal toxins. Processing
removes free radicals, polymeric quinone radicals, toxins, mycotoxins, and
other inactive ingredients.(Hartman)
The Ashtanga Hrdayam states that to prepare shilajit, it should first
be washed in plain water and then dried.Then, it should be soaked in a decoction of other medicines (suitable to
the disease to be treated) and then stored in an iron vessel.The ratio is 1:8 (shilajit:decoction)
and boiled down to 1/8.Then it is
filtered and dried.This process
is repeated seven times.(AH
Ut 39, 134-135 )It is commonly
boiled in a decoction of triphala.
According to the Sarngadhara Samhita, crude shilajit is
powdered and then macerated in hot water (or a decoction of Triphala) for several hours. The
maceration is then filtered and the liquid collected in an earthen plate and
exposed to the sun until a scum
begins to form on
the surface. This scum is then skimmed off and dried in the sun until it forms
a hard mass.At this point it is
considered to be pure and can be processed further or "impregnated".Purified shilajit may be maceratedin a decoction of different dravyas chosen specifically for their
medicinal actions in a particular disease.Caraka reads that the
shilajit
should be soaked in this decoction and dried in the sun each day for
7 days, then combined with lauha
bhasma (purified iron) and consumed with cow's milk.(Caldecott,
2006)
Ethnobotany:According to lore shilajit is "amrta" or nectar from God given to
mankind in order to "live long and happy life".It is one of the most important medicines used for centuries
and still today in Ayurvedic medicine.There is
evidence of shilajit in the Indus civilization.(Agrawal, 2003)Traditionally it is known as rasayana and used as a power increasing
tonic, age defying and aphrodisiac.In
Chinese medicine it was used as a kidney/adrenal tonic.
"Mumiyo" is a similar substance (if not
the same) collected by the native peoples of the northern regions of Russia and
Afghanistan(Tillotson,
2001) and used by the people of the former Soviet union.The name is often used interchangeably
with shilajit and bears similar health claims.
Ayurvedic Herbal
Energetics
As mentioned before, there are different varieties of shilajit based
on the factors involved which comprise its makeup.The following information is for the black/brown form coming
from iron and most commonly used in a healing context:(Pole,
2006)
Shilajit's Dravya karma or
ayurvedic plant action is chedana
which is the class of drugs that actively draws out toxins by scratching them
from the tissues.
Karmas:rasayana
(rejuvenative) for kapha & mutra, vajikarana (enhances sexual potency), medhya (enhances intellect), mutrakrcchraghna
(alleviates painful urination), apasmaromadaghna
(alleviates disorders of the nervous system), medohara (reduces fat tissue),
sandhaniya helas broken bones, chedhana
(scratches accumulated toxins from tissues and channels), tridosaghna (alleviates all three doshas)
Shilajit is usually thought of as having ushna virya, but according to Caraka
it is either moderate (neither too cold nor too hot) or shita (cooling) virya.(chi, ch 1, v48-50, 55-61)Caraka
also states that it is slightly amla
(sour) and ksaya in rasa.The varieties are as such, according to Carak:
From gold:madhura (sweet) and slightly ksaya, shita, katu; V/P
From silver:katu, shita, madhura; K/P
From copper:tikta and katu, ushna, katu; K
From iron:tikta, lavana, shita, katu; tridosha
Shilajit used as
medicine
The
aforementioned fulvic acid constituent of shilajit acts as a carrier for di-benzo
alpha pyrones, trace minerals and other nutrients into the deep tissues.They are small lattice shaped molecules
absorbed by plants that need the trace minerals and other nutrients for their
growth. When we eat the plants (or the animals that ate the plants) we ingest
fulvic acids.However, currently,
our depleted soil is lacking the beneficial microbes and plant material to
produce fulvic acids and humus.Fulvic acid removes deep-seated
toxins from the body and trace minerals are
needed as cofactors for enzymes, play important roles in turning food into
energy, maintain the electrical balance in bodily fluids, carry oxygen in the
body, are part of blood and bone, allow nerves to transmit messages and more.(Hartman)(Harsahay Meena, 2010)
Di-benzo alpha pyrones are able to pass the blood
brain barrier (BBB) and act as a powerful antioxidant protecting the brain and
nerve tissue from free radical damage. It also inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase,
thereby increasing acetylcholine.Low levels of acetylcholine are
associated with alzheimers, poor memory and concentration.(Hartman)
Panacea:A cure-allwhich
boosts the curative effect of other herbs.It acts as a catalyst by promoting the action of other tonic
agents.(Lad, 2001)
To name a few, claims are made that shilajit is helpful in:asthma and allergic conditions,gout, rheumatoid arthritis, joint
disorders, antioxidant, anemia, asthma, cystitis, diabetes, dysuria, edema,
epilepsy, gall stones, hemorrhoids, insanity, jaundice, kidney, obesity, sexual
debility, skin diseases, menstrual disorders, and parasites.
Shilajit and
specific conditions and systems
The following tends to be the agreed upon list for which there is more
substantial evidence.
Urinary:Shilajit's action on mutra vahasrotas helps to clear
stagnated vata and kapha and redirects the flow of apana vayu through the
pelvic area.By this token, it can
help clear stagnation of kapha and vata in prostatitis.(Pole, 2006).It is useful in treating painful
urination, cystitis, stones, incontinence and glycosuria.It also acts as a diuretic by
increasing urination, promoting kidney and bladder activity, reduces and
removes toxins and decreases water retention of all tissues.(Tirtha,
1998-2007)
Diabetes:"For these (diseases), treatments which
reduce medas (fat), anila (vata) and slesman (kapha) are desireable
(required)".(AH Su 14, 21-24)Shilajit's affinity for both the fat
tissue and the water channel make it useful in treating diabetes.It enhances peripheral glucose uptake
so is used in hyperglycemia and regulating blood sugar levels.It also scrapes fat making it helpful
in metabolic syndrome (excess weight, high cholesterol, low thyroid and
diabetes).(Pole, 2006)According toSusruta Samhita (15,32-40) obesity can be cured by taking enemas of drugs with liquefying
properties which contain minerals likeSilajatu, cow's
urine, the three myrobalans, honey, barley etc.
A study done
with 61 diabetic subjects who were administered 1000mg of shilajit, twice daily
for 30 days demonstrated antioxidant activity.As an adaptogen, it resulted in the reduction of lipids per
oxidation and may be of benefit as a supplement in the prevention of diabetes
complications. (Nidhi Saxena, 2003)Rat studies have also demonstrated that shilajit produces a
significant reduction in blood glucose levels as well as improving lipid
profile.(N. A. Trivedi, 2004)
Reproductive:Strengthens the entire reproductive
system and is tonic (aphrodisiac) for the sex organs.It treats deficiency and weakness due to high vata in the
female reproductive system with symptoms of weakness, infertility, dysmenorrhea
and PMS, as well.(Pole, 2006)Its spermatogenic effects
are evidenced in a study of male oligospermic patients.(Biswas TK, 2010)In rat studies testing shilajit as a fertility agent, it was estimated that it had both
a spermiogenic and ovogenic effect in mature rats.(Jeong-Sook
Park, 2006)
Mental health:Nootropic[3] and anxiolytic activity.Investigated for its effect on memory, learning and
anxiety and reported that shilajit enhanced the acquisition of learning and
memory in aged rats while exhibiting a marked reduction in anxiety levels.(AK
Jaiswal, 1992)It may also be used
in treating epilepsy.
Bones:Promotes the movement of minerals, especially
calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium into muscle tissue and bone.Shilajit is naturally high in iron and other minerals
making it useful in osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and spondylosis.It is building to both rakta and asthi dhatus and therefore used to heal broken bones. (Pole,
2006)
Lekhaniya:By virtue of its scraping quality
shilajit may remove benign tumors(lipoma, osteoma, uterine fibroid, goiter) and
detoxify breast tissue (sthanya shodan).
Immunomodulator [4]:Shilajit has been
found to be effective in treating allergies and boosting immunity.Di-benzo-alpha-pyrones
and triterpenic acid (humic and fulvic acids) affect the endocrine, autonomic,
and central nervous systems, "bringing about an immunomodulating result by
increasing the activity of macrophages".(Ghosal S. , 1990)Another study on rats showed that white
cell activity rose in accordance with dosage and time after exposure.(Ghosal S. e.)
Tissue Recovery: Shilajit has been used in wound healing,
specifically peptic ulcer, and other inflammation and shown to help in muscle
recovery after exercise.Shilajit increased the
carbohydrate/protein ratio and decreased gastric ulcer index, indicating an
increased mucus barrier.(Goel RK, 1990)Fulvic
acid and 4/-methoxy 6-carbomethoxy bi phenyl, active constituents in shilajit
are found to have ulcer protective effect.(Ghosal S, 1988)
Longevity:The fountain of youth; some say that the
name itself suggests that one can stave off the aging process much as the rock
does.Shilajit exhibits
antioxidative properties (Acharya, 1988) and is
said to cure diseases of aging.It
is an important rejuvenative and tonic, especially for vata and kapha.(Lad, 2001)
Administration:Shilajit is most often given as pills (vati) or powder.
·A paste may be
dissolved in boiled, hot water or milk and taken 2X daily.
·2-3 pills 3X
daily or 500 mg-5g/day (Pole, 2006)
·Caraka Samhita
recommends a minimum dose of 12g/day for two months to attain maximum benefit.
Special classical
formulationsShilajit may
also be used in the following important formulations:
·Chandraprabha which acts as tonic, aphrodisiac and
rejuvenator is said to cure all diseases; especially all twenty kinds of prameha (diabetes), dysuria, urine
retention,renal calculi,
constipation, anaha (enlargement of the abdomen), colic, tumors and cancers of
the penis, hernia, katishula (pain in the waist), dyspnea and cough, psoriasis,
scrotum enlargement, anemia, jaundice, chlorosis, skin diseases, piles,
itching, splenomegaly, anal fistula, disease of teeth, eye disease, menstrual
pain, semen disorders, mandagni,anorexia and other diseases of vata, pitta and kapha. (Sarngadhara Samhita)
·Silajatuvataka (Shilajit pills) made with decoction of indrayava, triphala, neem, patola, mustha,
and sunthi, plus sugar, vamsalochana, pippali, amalaki,
karkatashringi, kantakari, trigandha (tvak, ela and patra), are powdered
together and mixed with honey and made into 10 gram doses are again referred to
as panacea according to the Carak Samhita.(Chi, ch XVI, v)
·Arogya vardhini
·Chyavanprash:a rejuvenative medicated jelly (avaleha)
prepared with sugar or honey
Other
Formulations and combinations:(Pole,
2006)
·Gokshura &
guggulu for stones & prostatitis
·Punarnava &
guggulu for edema & fluid retention
·Gurmar,
karavella, neem, turmeric, black pepper, for hyperglycemia
·Ashwagandha &
gokshura for male reproductive problems
·Shatavari &
licorice for female reproductive problems
·Amalaki, ginger,
& shatavari for anemia
Contraindications:shilajit should not be used in instances
of high uric acid levels or with heavy and vidahi
(hot-natured) foods.(Carak Samhita)
Conclusion
Although on the internet today one will find numerous wild claims that
shilajit will cure nearly anything that ails you, recent research has proven
that there is, in fact, some scientific basis for its fame as a wonder
drug.This strange and mystical
resin has been used by humans for thousands of years in a medicinal context with
positive result and those who support the "evidence based medicine" approach
ofAyurveda can appreciate that
there is a growing body of work pertaining to the exploration of why the ancient texts say it works.Shilajit is truly another gift of
nature and should be respected and applied as such.
Refernces:
(n.d.). Retrieved March 2010, from Merriam-Webster Online:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asphaltum
(n.d.). Retrieved March 2010, from HolisticOnline.com:
http://www.holisticonline.com/herbal-med/_Herbs/h189.htm
Acharya, S. B. (1988). Pharmacological Actions of Shilajit. Indian
Journal of Experimental Biology, 26 (10), 775-777.
Agrawal, L. T. (2003). Shilajit, The Traditional Panacea: Its
properties. Diabetes Care (26), 2469-2470.
AK Jaiswal, S. B. (1992). Effects of Shilajit on memory,
anxiety and brain monoamines in rats. Indian journal of Pharmacology ,
12-1.
Austin, U. o. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2010, from Texas Beyond
History: the Virtual Museum of Texas' Cultural Heritage: http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/coast/nature/images/asphaltum.html
Biswas TK, P. S. (2010). Clinical evaluation of spermatogenic
activity of processed Shilajit in oligospermia. Andrologia , 48-56.
Caldecott, T. (2006). Ayurveda: The Divine Science of
Life. Elsevier Ltd.
Carak Samhita.
Ghosal S, S. S. (1988). Antiulcerogenic activity of fulvic
acids and 4-metoxy-6-carbomethyl biphenyl isolated from shilajit. Phytother
Res. , 187-191.
Ghosal, S. (1990). Chemistry of Shilajit, an Immunomodulatory
Ayurvedic rasayan. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 62 (7),
1285-1288.
Ghosal, S. (1990). Chemistry of Shilajit, an Immunomodulatory
Ayurvedic Rasayan. Pure and Applied Chemistry , 1285-1288.
Ghosal, S. e. Shilajit-Induced Morphometric and Functional
Changes in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages. Varanasi: Banaras Hindu
University.
Goel RK, B. R. (1990). Antiulcerogenic and antiinflammatory
studies with shilajit. Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 95-103.
Harsahay Meena, H. P. (2010). Shilajit: A panacea for
high-altitude problems. International Journal of Ayurveda Research ,
37-40.
Hartman, D. M. (n.d.). Shilajit: Sacred Soma of the
Alchemists. Retrieved 2010, from Drhartman.com:
http://www.drhartman.com/shilajit_info.htm
Jeong-Sook Park, G.-Y. K. (2006). The spermatogenic and
ovogenic effects of chronically administered Shilajit to rats. Journal of
Ethnopharmacolog , 349-353.
Lad, D. D. (2001). The Yoga of Herbs. Twin Lakes:
Lotus Press.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2010, from Merriam
Webster's online dictionary: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/humus
Mishra, L. C. (2003). Scientific Basis for Ayurvedic
Therapies.
N. A. Trivedi, B. M. (2004). Effect of shilajit on blood
glucose and lipid profile in alloxaninduced. Indian Journal of Pharmacology
, 373-376.
Nidhi Saxena, P. U. (2003). Modulation of Oxidative and
Antioxidative Status in Diabetes by Asphaltum Panjabinum. Diabetes Care,
26 (8), 2469-2470.
Pole, S. (2006). Ayurvedic Medicine: The Principles of Traditional
Practice. China: Elsevier Limited.
Sarngadhara Samhita.
Shibnath Ghosala, J. L. (1991). The core structure of
shilajit humus. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 23 (7), 673-680.
The Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part I & II. (2003). Civil
Lines, Delhi: The Controller of Publications.
Tierra, M. (1988). Planetary Herbology: an integration of
Western herbs into the traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic systems. Twin
Lakes: Lotus Press.
Tillotson, A. (2001). The One Earth herbal Sourcebook.
New York: Kensington Publishers.
Tirtha, S. S. (1998-2007). The Ayurveda Encyclopedia:
Natural Secrets to Healing, Prevention & Longevity. Bayville, NY:
Ayurveda Holistic Center Press.
Whitehead, D., & Tinsley, J. (2006). The biochemistry of
Humus Formation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 14
(12), 849 - 857.
Yadava, P. K. (2005). Medicinal Plants of Susruta Samhita
(Vol. Vol. 1). France: Vaidya Atreya Smith B.Sc.
[1] A Sanskrit
word referring to a rejuvenative tonic.Much more than a bulk promoter, a rasayana
increases the quality of the body, rebuilds the body/mind, prevents decay,
postpones aging and may even help to reverse the aging process.(Lad,
2001)
[2]According to soil science, humus is defined as any organic matter that has been broken down to the point
of stability, and theoretically, if conditions do not change, remains stable,
unchanged for centuries, if not millennia.It is completely amorphous and no longer has any cellular
structural characteristic of plants, animals or micro-organisms.It forms the organic portion of
soil.(Merriam-Webster)(Whitehead & Tinsley, 2006)
[3] A substance
that enhances cognition and memory and facilitates learning.(Merriam-Webster
Online)
[4] A substance
that affects the functioning of the immune system.(Merriam-Webster Online)
A specie with in the Plumbaginaceae
family is known as Plumbago zeylanicum in Latin or known as Citraka in
Sanskrit. Citraka is recognized by its ability to cure diseases rapidly. Having
an amazing ability to clear toxins, the herb is used for a variety of illnesses
ranging from bronchial difficulties to reducing inflammation. It has a hot
energy and should be used in small amounts. This plant is a perennial shrub
with stout roots, which are cylindrical. A light yellow juice is within the
yellowish brown root. It's nickname is the "spotted one," in correlation to the
leopard who catches it's prey with swiftness, as does citraka, having the
ability to quickly cure disease (Pole, 2006).
Botany and
Ecology
Latin Name:Plumbago Zeylanica
Common Name: White Leadwort
Spotted One
Jvala (flame)
Agni
Citraka, Chitraka, or Chitrak
Plant Nomenclature
Kingdom: plantai- plants
Division: Magnoliophyta -flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Family: plumbaginaceae- leadwort family
Appearance
The Plumbago
Zeylanicahas light blue and white
flowers which rise in the late
summers of India.The flowers have
a tubular corolla with five petal like lobes. The flowers have glanular hairs
which secrete sticky mucilage that my be used for trapping insects as a method
to protect it's pollen. The species includes herbaceous plants and shrubs. It
grows .5-2m high.The leaves are
spirally arranged, simple, entire,5-12cm long with a tapered base. The margin will be hairy. It will grow
from 36 inches to 48 inches tall.
Habitat
The plant lives in India in
wile state. This plant can also be found being cultivated in gardens.Plumbago enjoys subtropical or warm
temperate climates. It can be grown in green houses in cool climates.You may find it in palm groves,
thickets, shandy hummocks, shell mounds, rocky places in open areas.
Primary Constituents
Naphthalene derivatives, plumbagin,
chitranone, amino acids and zeylinon (Pole, 2006).
Nine compounds were isolated as plumbagin (I),
isoshinanolone (II), plumbagic acid (III), beta-sitosterol (IV), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
(V), trans-cinnamic acid (VI), vanillic acid (VII), 2,
5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone (VIII), indole-3-carboxaldehyde (IX). CONCLUSION:
Compounds V, VII, VIII and IX were isolated for the first time from Plumbago
Linn (Cai, 2007).
Contradictions
Should
not be used by children, pregnant or lactating women (Pole, 2006) Also should
not be taken with those who have high pitta.
Ayurvedic Information
Rasa (Taste)
The
Rasas involved with Plumbago. is katu (pungent) and tikta (bitter). It is a
digestive and is easy to digest (Sitaram, 2006).
Virya (Potent Energy)
The
virya of Plumbago. is ushna (heating) (Sitaram 2006)
Vipaka (Post Digestive Effect)
During
the last phase of the digestion, which takes place in the colon, there is a
final effect that manifests from taste. This is called vipaka. The vipaka of
Plumbago. is pungent.Derived from
the pungent substances this vipaka tends to cause hemorrhoids, irritation of
the colon, and dry skin conditions. When consuming more of the bitter tastes
this vipaka can be antipyretic (cooling), having an effect on the reproductive
system, diminishing sperm count. From astringent tastes osteoporosis, pain in
the joints, and giving rise to fistulae and fissures can occur (Lad, 2002). It
aggravates Vata and has a catabolic action.
Srotamsi (Bodily
Channels and Systems)
The
herb Plumbago. works on three channels of the body. The first srotamsi is anna
vaha srotas the digestive tract. Sense Plumbago.has a pungent vipaka is works on the shukra and artava vaha
srotas (male and female reproduction). The third channel is that of majja vaha
srotas, which is that of the nerves.
Therapeutic Value and
Research
Alleviates Kapha and Vata disorders, but will aggravate
pitta. This herb is categorized as a lekaniya or reducing herb, bhedaniya a
breaking down herb, as well as dipaniya an appetizer.( Hergal Cure, 2010).
Anticancer- a
study was taken where plumbagin was isolated from Plumbago zeylanica and had
shown to possess anticancer activity (Karger 2010).A study was taken bySandur in Texas, to show the benefits of chitrak in the development of
cancer.
Agents
that can suppress STAT3 activation have potential not only for prevention but
also for treatment of cancer. In the present report, we investigated whether
5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (plumbagin), an analogue of vitamin K,
and isolated from chitrak (Plumbago zeylanica), an Ayurvedic medicinal plant,
can modulate the STAT3 pathway. We found that plumbagin inhibited both
constitutive and interleukin 6-inducible STAT3 phosphorylation in multiple
myeloma (MM) cells and this correlated with the inhibition of c-Src,
Janus-activated kinase (JAK)1, and JAK2 activation.
Plumbago zeylanica for the
cure of antioxidant and anticancer drugs, as the elements Na, K, Ca, Zn, Fe,
Mn, Sr, Cu and Co are the highest in leaves, followed by those is in roots.
Many anticancer herbs usually show comparatively rich Zn, Mn, Fe, as well as
Cr,Sr and Cu. Plumbago zeylanica exists with abundant Zn, Mn and Fe and a certain
amount of Cr, Sr and Cu (Tan, 2009).
Arthritis Chitraka
has been found to help with joints . Joint pathologies that have a cold, wet,
damp, swelling, and water retention qualities, such as arthritis are balanced
with the use of chitraka (Pole, 2006).
Anti Bacteria
Another study done indicated plumbago zeylancica's ability to kill test
bacteria at the level lower than it's MIC (Ahamd 2007).
Researchers from Physiology Institute of Basic Medical
Science have explored the structure of the herb's active principle to be
similar to that of Vit K (Devi, 2006).
Piles, gulma,
difficult swelling, and promoting diestion are all alleviated with this remedy
from Carak Samhita, which is citraka, dhanyaka, yavani, jiraka, sauvarcala,
trikatu, amlavetasa, bilwa, dadima, qavaksara, pippalimula, cavya. Crushing
this into a paste with ghee and cooked into water making a medicated ghee will
alleviate such pathologies (Drdhabala 1994).
Malabsorption or dysentery, skin diseases, edema,
haemorrhoids, intestinal worms, and cough are all cured from citraka (Sitaram,
2006).For such disorders as
abdominal tumors, sprue, and abdominal pain due to indigestion, one can mix
citraka, nagara, hingu, pippali, pippalijata, chavya, ajamoda, maricha,
sarjika, yavakshara, saindhava, sauvarchala, bida, samudrika. Once mixed into a
juice it can dry in the sun and be taken internally (Sarngadhara, 1997).
Digestion The
root of the plant will increase digestive power and promote appetite. A
tincture of the root is used in secondary syphilis in leprosy and in dyspepsia,
piles, flatulence, loss of appetite and other digestive complaints. Being a
antiseptic the root mixed with oil can be used for rheumatism, paralytic
affections, in enlarged glands, and in cases of buboes. The herb will cure leucoderma.It is a good remedy for post partum
hemorrhage. For scabies skin disorders, and ophthalmic the milk is used.The scraped root when put into the
mouth of the womb will cause abortion of child (Mother Herbs).
Paracites
Plumbago. is also used for worms, indigestion, sprew, bronchial conditions,
stimulates perception, paractolises stimulation, enhances tone of GIT, Chronic
dyspepsia, anorexia, nemonia, stimulates gastric secretions, and kindles
digestion (Class notes, 2010).
Nerves Due to
citraka's ability to stimulate movement within the body it used to move
stagnated kapha due to congestion or weakenss (Pole, 2006).
Conclusion
Plumbago Zeylanica , has been a plant used within the scope
of Ayurvedic medicine, found in the primary text of Ayurveda such as Carak
Samhita,dating back thousands of
years ago.Its properties allowed
it to be favored amongst those with the primary dosha being that of Vata or Pitta.
It works on specific tissues of the body such as the blood, bone, and
reproductive tissues. Citraka has been researched only minimally by science,
but studies have been done to show it's valuable medicinal qualities. Not only
has it been studied to help wit the development of cancer cells, but it has
qualities that will strengthen the digestion, being a remover of paracitical
amebas. Plumbago Zeylanica is a brilliant herb that can be used in human
pathology. It has been well known in the medical field of Ayurveda and within
time will be well researched within science.
References
Aqil F,
Ahmad I.
Antibacterial properties of traditionally used Indian medicinal plants.
2007Department of Agricultural
Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Devi RS.
Plumbago zeylanica action on blood coagulation profile with and without blood
volume reduction. 2006 Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic
Medical Sciences,
Drdhabala, Carak Samhita, Vol. 2
1994 Second Edition, Globe offset Press, New Delhi, India.
Pole,
Sebation, 2006. Ayurvedic Medicine, the principles of traditional practice.
Elseveir Ltd. Pg. 156.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of
India, Part 1 Vol. Pg 39-40 Government of India Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare, Ayush,
Tan MX,
Analysis of macroelements and
microelements in Chinese traditional medicine Plumbago zeylanica Linn by
ICP-AESCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
S. Karger AG, Basel. Plumbagin, Isolated from Plumbago
zeylanica, Induces Cell Death through Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer
Cells 2010.
Sandur SKDepartment of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D.
Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 143, Houston, TX 77030,
USA.
Sarngadhara, , Sarngadhara Samhita
Section 2, Third Edition, 1997. Golghar, Near Maidagen.
Sitaram, Bulusu, Bhavaprakasa of
Bhavamisra 2006. Charu Printers, India.
Zhong Yao
Cai. Chemical constituents from aerial parts of Plumbago zeylanica
Linn 2007 Pharmacy of College.
Ponderosais Latin for "having great
weight" from the Latin pondus or
"weight" and refers to the impressive size and stature of the pinus ponderosa or ponderosa pine.A close relative of the pinion pine,
which was revered by many tribes throughout the west and southwest, the ponderosa
may have been overlooked for its medicinal properties by western
herbalists.Abundant throughout
Colorado, its pungent and astringent needles and resin may become an important
constituent of western Ayurvedic preparations.
How the Ponderosa
Pine was chosen
The ponderosa pine was one of the first species presented by
Professor Bunin in our Botany and Herbology class, and was particularly
engaging aesthetically and in sense perception as I discovered its warm and
welcoming scent - sometimes strongly vanilla, sometimes butterscotch, but generally
accepted as a strong deterrent to invading insects such as the pine
beetle.As an anchor in the
landscape which surrounds my Evergreen, CO home, I have close energetic ties to
the ponderosa pine, and have spent many hours studying and meditating under its
limbs.
Searching through the Dr. Vasant Lad's Yoga of Herbs (YOH) and the classic text Aṣṭāῆga Hṛdayam, I found no reference to
the ponderosa pine, with only a brief reference to the white pine (pinus alba) in YOH.After expressing
interest, Alakananda Ma responded affirmatively that she was interested in the ponderosa
pine as "a special part of our local ecology."
Botany and Ecology
The ponderosa pine, pinus
ponderosa C. Lawson of the pinaceae family,
is a majestic tree found throughout the vast majority of the American mountain
west. Varieties of this
species include ponderosa (also known
as the Pacific ponderosa pine) found in California, Nevada, Oregon, and
Washington and in British Columbia, Canada.The variant scopulorum
(or Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine) is more widely distributed and is found
throughout the western United States of Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas,
Utah, and Wyoming and in British Columbia, Canada.This monograph focuses on pinus ponderosa C. Lawson var.
scopulorum.
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Coniferophyta
Class:Pinopsida
Family:Pinaceae
Genus:Pinus L.
Species:Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson
Common Names
Known by many names, which may create confusion among amateur arborists or botanists, the ponderosa
pine is alternatively and colloquially referred to as big heavy, black jack,
bull pine, Montana black pine, pino real (or
"real pine"), ponderosa white pine, pondos, pumpkin (in reference to the
brilliant color of the mature tree's bark), Sierra brown bark pine, silver
pine, western pitch pine, western red pine, western yellow pine, yellow pine, yellowbellies,
and Yosemite pine.
In the Nez Perce language Niimiipuutímt the ponderosa was referred to as lá'qa from which Lewis and Clark called the tree "long leafed
pine."
Appearance
"If you know your west
at all, you know its Yellow Pine." (Peattie, 1991ed.)
The distinguishing characteristic of the pinus genus are its needles: fascicles
(leaves) contain 2-3 needles. Pinus ponderosa can be identified by its
needle length and grouping: needles are 10-28 cm long in groupings of 3s or 2s
with the fascicles crowding the ends of the branches on mature trees.The fascicle groupings are encased at
the base with a tiny papery sheath.
An evergreen gymnosperm
(Latin for "naked seed"), mature ponderosa pines reach heights of 30-50 m with
trunk diameters of 0.6 - 1.3 m, and have a lifespan of 300-600 years.The bottom half of the trunk is frequently
without branches.
Generally, you can spot the ponderosa not only by its great
size and bright, deeply grooved bark, but by its three needles joined in a
bundle, which form a Y to help identify the species.
Morphology and
Phenology (or Lifecycle)
Look up at the great ponderosa.Notice its mass and the shape of its crown.The general shape or morphology of the ponderosa
pine is conical or round-shaped at the crown of the tree.Its bark is orange-brown with an
appearance of scales or plate-like scales, with deep dark-brown or black grooves
between and beneath.
Needles are thin, long, and pointed, with a tooth-like edge
(visible on very close inspection or felt by running your finger over the
edge). Twigs are
substantial, up to 2 cm in diameter, with the needle clusters giving the end of
the twig a tufted appearance.
Young female cones on Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), Marki, Poland. Polski: Młode kwiaty (szyszki) żeńskie sosny żółtej (Pinus ponderosa), Marki, Polska. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Male cones are orange to yellow in color and are found at
the tips of branches in small clusters.Female cones are large and woody, 8-15 cm long, oval in shape, with a
small thorn-like prickle at the end of each scale.
Seeds mature and are shed on a two-year cycle.In the first year, the tree may flower
between April and June.In the
second year the cones mature and shed winged seeds between August and
September.
Habitats and Ecosystems
Ponderosa pine trees can be found in single-species
ponderosa groves or in mixed conifer forests in the mountains and, in Colorado,
are an important part of the forest cover type Interior Ponderosa pine.It is typically a climax stand, bordering grasslands and forests.As defined by the US Forest Service,
climax stands are characteristically warm and dry, and occupy lower elevations
throughout their range.
The US Forest Service recognizes the following ecosystem
classifications for the ponderosa pine:
FRES20Douglas-fir
FRES21Ponderosa pine
FRES22Western white pine
FRES25Larch
FRES26Lodgepole pine
FRES28Western hardwoods
FRES34Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES36Mountain grasslands
Throughout the Rocky Mountains and Utah, in mixed conifer
forests, ponderosa pines can be found amidst the Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, blue
spruce, lodgepole pine, limber pine, and quaking aspen.
Undergrowth (or understory) is often sparse, and includes
grasses and low lying shrubs such as ceanothus, sagebrush, oak, snowberry, bluestem,
fescue, and polargrass (USDA Plant Guide).
Geographic Range
From the USDA Plant Guide, the range for ponderosa pine is
USDA zones 3-7, thriving on soils from shallow to deep, and from gravelly sands
to sandy clay loam throughout the mountains of the American west and up into
British Columbia, Canada.It is a
widespread species.
Ponderosa pine can be seen growing on bare granite (see the
painting illustration on the cover of this report) with its roots in cracks and
crevices.
It prefers slightly acidic soils with a pH of 6.0-7.0 and
rain coverage of at least 30-60 cm average annual precipitation.It has moderate to good drought
tolerance, although extended drought increases susceptibility to invading
insects including a variety of beetles.The ponderosa pine will survive very cold winters.
Medicinal Use
The seeds of the ponderosa pine are edible, and are "perhaps
the best kept secret of all the wild edibles" (Elpel, page 44).
The needles make a pleasant tea, helpful as an expectorant. Medicinally, the needles may be used as
a diuretic.
The Nez Perce Indians used the green needles for dandruff;
pitch served as an ointment for rheumatism or backaches, and heated needles
were used to help deliver the placenta.
It should be noted that when ingested in a relatively large quantity,
over three or more days, ponderosa pine needles induced premature parturition
in pregnant cattle, especially when ingested during the third trimester or
after 8 months of pregnancy.While
no other species were adversely affected (sheep, goats and rabbits were
examined in the 1992 study published in the Journal of Animal Science), and cycling
non-pregnant cattle were not affected, we
should consider the ponderosa pine contraindicated during pregnancy.
Collection &
Preparation
To collect the inner bark, or cambium layer, select a branch
that is very fresh.Make shallow
cuts around the diameter of the branch every foot or two, and cut length-wise
every 2-3 inches.Carefully pull
off the outer bark.This bark can
be scraped for its inner bark, or threaded onto wire or coarse thread (be sure
to oil coat hangers if using, to prevent rusting) and hung to dry in
well-ventilated shade (Moore, Medicinal
Plants of the Mountain West, page 16). The inner bark, or cambium layer, may be chewed raw, like
gum.
To collect needles, hang the branch over a newspaper until
dry.Crush the dry needles and
steep in boiled water for 10 minutes.Strain and drink as a tea.
To collect the resinous pitch, scrape from the outer
bark."For less fussy types, the
pitch may be saved and collected, adhering bark, dirt, bugs, and all" (Moore, Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West,
page 126). Otherwise, melt over as low a temperature as possible, and poor
through a metal sieve to separate the pure from the impure.You will likely need to discard the
sieve, but may attempt to clean it with turpentine if you desire to reuse. Organic solvents like high percentage
alcohol are needed to extract the resin from the plant, if preparing tincture
from pine needles.
To collect the seeds, be aware that the collection period is
short, requiring an observant eye.Watch for the cones to ripen on the tree, and collect them from the tree
as they begin to open up, before they drop their seeds (or nuts). Use a hook to
pull the cones from the tree. If the cones have yet to open, you can encourage
them to open by placing them to dry in a warm, sunny location. Shake the seeds
from the cones when open. You may choose to eat the seeds hull intact, although
commercially prepared pine nuts (from the pinion pine) are hulled. Seeds may be
eaten whole or ground, raw or cooked.
Primary Constituents
The ponderosa pine is a resinous plant.Resins are sticky, semi-solid or solid
at room temperature and are formed from oxidized volatile oils.Resins are not water soluble, requiring
the use of high-percentage alcohol to extract as tincture.
Medicinal Use
Ponderosa pine pitch may be warmed lightly and spread over
the skin or taken internally in tincture form.
Externally, when applied as a poultice, pine resin has a
disinfectant quality, and may help to draw foreign objects (such as splinters)
out of the skin.Resins are
warming and stimulating, and may be helpful when used externally to ease
arthritic joints, back ache, and rheumatism.
Internally, resins are expectorant, diaphoretic and diuretic.They may also be carminative, helping
to ease gas and improve digestion.
As an expectorant, the volatile oils from the pine soothe
the mucous membranes of the throat and are absorbed into the body, helping to
expel phlegm so that it may be more readily coughed up.
A tea may be made from the pine needles and functions as a
gentle expectorant.More
effectively, the inner bark or cambium layer may be slowly boiled and served as
a tea with honey to improve expectorant action.Most effectively, the pitch may be rolled into a ball,
chewed and swallowed, which will soften bronchial mucous producing a very
productive cough.As the resin and
volatile oil constituents are diaphoretic and heating to the body, care should
be taken during fevers, used only to spike a low-grade fever, but never used
with prolonged or high fever.
Taken internally, the pitch may have some benefit in
treating lower urinary tract infections, but should not be used when kidney
inflammation is present.
Contraindications
With excessive use, resins can irritate the kidneys, and should be avoided with use in patients
with kidney problems.
Ponderosa pine needles have been implicated in the premature
parturition of pregnant cattle, and have been used by the Nez Perce Indians to
induce the birthing of the placenta after childbirth.With these effects in mind, ponderosa pine administration should be avoided during pregnancy.
Ayurvedic Information and Use
Ponderosa pine: VK-
P+
Rasa (Taste) - pungent, astringent
Collected and chewed raw, ponderosa pine needles are strongly
pungent and astringent, producing an immediate drying sensation in the
mouth.
Virya (Energy) - heating Ponderosa pine resins are strongly pungent, giving them a heating virya or energy.Pungent herbs improve digestion, stimulate
agni, and ease gas as a carminative, are diuretic, and may be used to purify
the blood and induce sweating during illness as a diaphoretic.
While the needles are astringent in the mouth, the cooling
action of astringency is secondary to their primary pungency, with the net
effect of having a heating virya.
Vipak (Post-Digestive Effect) - pungent
Being primarily pungent and secondarily astringent in taste,
the ponderosa pine resin has a pungent vipak.
Prabhava (Special Potency)
Some native tribes, including Apaches, Hopis, Navajo,
Paiutes and Zunis, collected the seeds of the pinion pine, close relative to
the ponderosa, and revered the pine as deeply important to their culture.
The seeds of the pinus
family resemble the pineal gland in name and shape, acknowledged in Ayurveda
and Yoga as the area of the "third eye."This resemblance, if seen as a "signature," providing a clue to its
usefulness and prahbav, or special
potency, may indicate that the ingestion of pine seeds may stimulate or awaken
the pineal gland.
In native medicine, the fresh sap or gum was also chewed and
swallowed for its laxative and carminative properties. These effects are in direct contrast to
the ponderosa's pungent vipak, which
is said to aggravate vata.Therefore, its prabhava may be calming to vata
in the colon.
Because of their great size, it may be seen that
preparations with ponderosa resins may be building to the tissues.
Srotas
Pranavaha srotas -
the channels which carry the breath or prana.Expectorant.
Annavaha srotas -
the channels which carry the food.May improve digestion and stimulate agni.
Ambuvaha srotas -
the channels which carry water and mutravaha
srotas - the channels that carry urine or the urinary system.Diuretic and diaphoretic.
Rasavaha srotas -
the channels that carry the plasma portion of the blood and tissue.Pungent and aromatic.
Majjavaha srotas - the
channels which supply the bone marrow, nerve and brain tissue; and Manovaha srotas - the channels that suplly the mind or
carry mental energy.If the prabhava is accepted, the pinus ponderosa seeds may stimulate the
pineal gland.
Artavavaha srotas -
the channels which carry the menstruation.Warmed pine needles were used to by Native Americans to help
with the afterbirth; may stimulate apana
vayu.
References and Bibliography
Elpel, T.J. Botany in a Day: The Patterns Method of
Plant Identification. Pony, MT: Hops Press. 2008.
Foster,
Steven.Johnson, Rebecca L.Desk
Reference to Nature's Medicine. Washington, DC: National Geographic
Society.2006.
Habeck, R.
J. 1992. "Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa," In:
Fire Effects Information System, url. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/, accessed 7 December 2010. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
(Producer).
Lad, Dr.
Vasant. Frawley, David. The Yoga of
Herbs. Santa Fe, NM: Lotus Press. 1986.
USDA, NRCS.
2010. The PLANTS Database, url. http://plants.usda.gov, accessed 6 December 2010. National
Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Gotu Kola has been called
"a pharmacy in one herb".It is
classified as one of the Brahmi herbs for its brain enhancing and anti-aging,
longevity-producing properties.It
is also known as the elixir of life.This plant retains "doctrine of signature" status ("like cures like")[6]
as the leaf looks like the cerebellum and is used for intellectual promoting
properties and the roots which are used for numerous ailments throughout the
body resemble the torso of the human body.
In addition to a
reputation as a brain and nerve tonic, Gotu Kola is also used for chronic and
degenerative diseases and to treat numerous ailments such as tuberculosis,
arthritis, leprosy and other skin conditions.Textual reference and outcomes of experienced-based use
support the medicinal and rejuvenative claims of this amazing herb.
Research Process
Information on Gotu Kola
is prevalent as it has been used for centuries throughout India and its
availability and medicinal properties are also well known in Chinese medicine.[13]Classical texts document its use as a
meditation aide and healing remedy.Contemporary peer-reviewed articles and research support the importance
of this herb in the modern-day herbal pharmacy.However, since Ayurvedic medicine treats individuals through
the interaction of the organs of digestion, the tissues and the carrying
channels, in addition to how the herbs are grown, harvested and prepared, the
subtle results recognized from traditional use may be hard to replicate in
dissected clinical studies.Therefore, attempt has been made to substantiate the beneficial claims
of Gotu Kola through information gathered from classical texts:Caraka Samhita, Astanga Hrdayam,
Susruta Samhita, and Textbook of Dravyaguna.In addition, other modern-day resources were consulted such
as Ayurvedic Medicine by
Sebastian Pole and internet research of several referenced websites, including
peer-reviewed articles quoting modern clinical studies.
Botany and Ethnobotany
The Latin name for Gotu
Kola is Centella Asiatica-Folium (Apiaceae).There are numerous plants that resemble Gotu Kola due to
their similar habitat, leaf formation and ground-covering nature and although
they may have medicinal benefits of their own, they fall short of its claims,
lacking all the qualities of this particular medicinal champion.Gotu Kola is also commonly confused
with Bacopa Monnieri (Linn.) Pennell.Though the physical characteristics are noticeably different, it is also
a swampy ground creeper and used interchangeably for some ailments.The Ayurvedic energetics are slightly
different however, and the confusion possibly stems from both being used as brain
tonics and both commonly known as Brahmi.
Adding to the confusion,
as with many plants, are the aliases used in reference.Though the most common Sanskrit name is
Brahmi, it is also known as Manduka-parni (referring to its leaf shape
resembling the webbed feet of a frog), Brahamamanduki, Divya, Jalneem, Thankuni
and several other variations. Some of the English synonyms
are: Asian Pennywort (the leaves
also resemble the shape of a penny or coin), Asiatic Coinwort, Asiatic Pennywort,
Horse-hoof, Indian Ginseng, Indian Pennywort, Indian Water Navelwort, Marsh Penny,
Marsh Pennywort, Pennyweed, Sheep-rot, Spadeleaf, Thick-leaved Pennywort, Water
Pennywort, and White rot.As a
point of interest, it is commonly known as Gotu kola in Chinese.
Gotu Kola does well in sun
or shade and is a tropical perennial which is also grown as an annual in
temperate zones.It is difficult
to start from seed as the seeds can remain dormant for decades until conditions
are conducive to germination.[7]However, as it creeps along the ground in marshy, swampy
soil, it continually re-roots itself at nodes (leaf intersections) creating an
ever increasing mat of ground cover.When grown in greenhouses, the plants sneak down and root under the
benches where the water drains from the plants above.In cooler climates, plants can be potted and brought inside
to a sunny window in the fall and then sent back outside when warmer weather
returns.Gotu Kola bears a small
oval fruit and delicate pink, white or light blue flowers can be found hidden
beneath the leaves.The leaves
have culinary uses and are often eaten as a "preventative" food source in
salads or side dishes.The entire
plant is used for medicinal purposes.It is essential to identify the source of plants used for curative
purposes because it is harvested where it grows (along ditches) and is
susceptible to absorbing water contaminants.
Plant Nomenclature[8]
Latin
name:Centella Asiatica-Folium;
Synonym: Hydrocotyle Asiatica L.
Kingdom:Plantae
Order:Apiales
Family:Mackinlayaceae (Umbelliferae)
Subfamily:Mackinlayaceae of family Apiaceae
Genus:Centella
Species:
C. Asiatica
Ecological Status
Gotu Kola is a native
plant of warmer areas of Africa, Asia, northern Australia, Central America, India,
and even the southern United States.It has a long history of use as a folk medicinal herb, especially in
India and China.
The entire plant is used
for medicinal purposes.The whole
plant, including the root can be dried and powdered and taken orally or used as
a topical ointment.Also, juice
can be extracted from the aerial parts of the plant and the leaves can be eaten
whole.
Throughout history, Gotu
Kola has been referred to as a rasayana (rasayana = rejuvenative measures that
impart biological sustenance to bodily tissues) used to revitalize brain and
nervous system function and combat the effects of aging.Several folklore legends give Gotu Kola
partial credit for claims of longevity and stamina.One famous one involves Li Ching-Yun, who is recorded to
have lived to the unbelievable age of 256).[6]Though these claims seem farfetched and
are difficult to convincingly prove, the existence of these stories does demon-strate
the fact that this herb has been in use as a medicinal rejuvenative throughout
history.
In India, Gotu Kola has
been used as a Medhya Rasayana.Medhya Rasayana slows brain aging and regenerates neural
tissues in addition to providing anti-stress, adaptogenic and memory enhancing
properties. [12]Gotu Kola has also been used for
leprosy and other skin conditions, lupus, varicose ulcers, urinary conditions
and female genital issues.
Below are quotes from
Classic Texts:
The twenty-eighth Chapter of the Cikitsita-Sthāna in the Suśruta
Saṁhitā
deals with elixirs and remedial agents for improving the memory and intellect
and increasing longevity.
Verse 4:Manduka-parni:Prepare by stirring the expressed juice of Manduka-parni with milk and recite the proper Mantras
over it a thousand times.A
portion can be drunk immediately.This drink and a special diet should be continued for three successive
months."This will ensure a long
life of a hundred years in the full vigor of retentive memory and intellectual
faculties, and would impart a god-like effulgence to the complexion."
Verse 5:Brami Rasayana:Taking the expressed juice of Brami as instructed."Continuous use for one week improves
memory, intellect and "imparts a celestial glow to the complexion".Taking for a second week revives old
forgotten memories and increases the ability to write books.Continuing to take the juice for a
third week, allows one to repeat from memory up to one hundred words if heard
or read in a single sitting.In
addition, this continued use for twenty-one days "removes all inauspicious
features whether of the body or of the mind, the goddess of learning appears in
an embodied form to the (mind of the) user, and all kinds of knowledge comes
rushing into his memory.A single
hearing is enough to make him reproduce (verbatim from memory a discourse
however lengthy)", oh and by the way, he is enabled to live for five hundred
years.
Verse 6:Brahmi Ghrta:Two Prastha measures of the expressed juice of Brahmi and one Prastha
measure of Ghee cooked with one Kudava measure of Vidanga seeds, two Pala
weight of each of Vaca and Trivrt, and twelve (in number) of each Haritaki, Amalaka
and Bibhitaka well pounded and mixed together and cooked into a Ghrta."This preparation would give a
favorable turn to one's fortune; impart a lotus-like bloom (to the cheeks) with
perpetual youth, unparalleled intellectual faculties and a life that would
cover a period of three centuries of song and sunshine.This Rasayana affects cutaneousdiseases (Kustha), chronic fever,
epilepsy, insanity, effects of poisons and evil spirits and all other dangerous
diseases.
The first chapter of
Caraka-Samhita, Chikitsasthanam 1:30-31 states, "The use of juice of
mandukaparni," ... "- these rasayana drugs are life-promoting,
disease-alleviating, promoters of strength, agni, complexion, voice and are
intellect-promoting. ... {Thus are the intellect-promoting rasayana drugs}."[1]
Folk Use
Isabell Shipard, How Can I Use Herbs in my Daily Life?
has identified 104 uses for Gotu Kola.[6]
Attention Deficit Disorder
Peptic Ulcers
Auto-immune Diseases
Stress
Gynecological Disorders
Asthma
Low Thyroid
Neuritis
Male Tonic
Menopausal Problems
Eczema
Scrofula
Venereal Diseases
Cirrhosis
Diarrhea
High Blood Pressure
Laryngitis
Stomach Ache
Muscular Atrophy
Fatigue
Sore Throat
Schizophrenia
Thrombosis
Brain Tonic
Respiratory Ailments
Influenza
Blood Purifier
Food Poisoning
Vaginitis
Diabetes
Baldness
Wounds
Age Spots
Nervous Breakdown
Poor Circulation
Insomnia
Retinal Detachment
Dysentery
Liver Problems
Increase Energy
Epilepsy
Pleurisy
Premenstrual Pain
Hair Loss
Blood Disorders
Mycosis Fungoides
Dementia
Infections
Periodontal Disease
Colds
Coughing Blood
Vomiting Blood
Senility
Hemorrhoids
Prickly Heat Rash
Measles
Poor Appetite
Atherosclerosis
Depression
Skin Ulcers
Urinary Tract Infection
Candida
Tuberculosis
Mental Retardation
Sexual Debility
Elephantitis
Fibrocystic Breasts
Gastric
Hypochondria
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Skin Ulcers
Failing Eyesight
Abscesses
Mouth Ulcers
Impotence
Stomach Upsets
Bruises
Scleroderma
Herpes
Cramps
Exam Tonic
Lupus
Bowel Disorders
Fluid Retention
Hepatitis
Swollen Glands
Intestinal Worms
Convulsions
Surgical Wounds
Dermatitis
Joint Mobility
Bowel Disorders
Anemia
Hardening of Arteries
Tingling in Legs
Stimulate the Liver
Bladder
Kidneys
Central Nervous System
High Blood Pressure
Lower Serum Cholesterol
Levels
Immune System
Leprosy
Arthritis
Modern Clinical Use[11]
Gotu Kola is mainly used
for leprosy, venous insufficiency and studies suggest it may be beneficial in
regression of inflammatory infiltration of the liver in cirrhosis, though it is
cautioned that further testing is needed.
Kartnig[16:4]
has compiled a list of clinical applications with references.The three categories highlighted are:
1.Diseases of Skin - Healing of skin wounds, burns,
surgical scars, chronic skin lesions such as ulcers and leprosy wounds.[16:6]
2.Diseases of Veins (Venous Insufficiency) - Scientific
studies of patients with venous hypertension and diabetic microcirculation
showed significant difference in capillary filtration rate, decrease in ankle
circumference and ankle edema and other symptoms.
3.Diseases of Liver
Additionally, several
clinical trials are quoted for:
1.Mental Abilities - Developmentally disabled children
exhibited better overall adjustment, attentiveness and concentration on
assigned tasks.[14:3]Testing of adult acoustic startle response showed statistically significant
lower results after ingestion of Gotu Kola which supports anxiolytic activity.[14:1]
2.Anticancer - Gotu Kola destroyed cultured cancer tumor
cells with no toxic effects detected in normal human lymphocytes.
3.Anti-anxiety/Anti-stress/Sedative - Studies on mice
and rats have show Gotu Kola to have tranquilizing, anti-stress and
anti-anxiety qualities.[17-3]
Gotu Kola is recorded to
have the following properties:[8]
·Adaptogen (increases the body's resistance to stress,
trauma, anxiety and fatigue)
·Anti-viral (inhibit development of viruses)
·Antibacterial (antiseptic that acts against bacteria)
·Anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation)
·Anxiolytic (treat anxiety)
·Diuretic (increases rate of urination)
In addition to:[6]
·Antipyretic
·Antifungal
·Sedative
·Antispasmodic
·Antioxidant
·Tonic
·Digestive
·Vulnerary
·Antibiotic
·Nervine
·Blood Purifier
·Adrenal Strengthener
Major Chemical Constituents[14]
"The major principles in
Herba Centellae are the triterpenes asiatic acid and madecassic acid, and their
derived triterpene ester glycosides, asiaticoside and madecassoside."
This leaf of this plant is
used as a salad green to retain youthfulness and as a quick pick me up.It is common to eat two to three leaves
each day as a preventative.Juice
of Gotu Kola leaves is also used as a general tonic and to relieve
hypertension.Poultice of leaves
can be used to treat open sores as it reduces inflammation and scar tissue
development.
Modern cautions suggest
Gotu Kola not be given to children and to elderly only at a lower dosage.Side effects are reported as rare but
skin rash and liver reaction are cautioned.At high doses, headache, stomach upset, nausea, dizziness
and drowsiness have been mentioned.Because Gotu Kola's medicinal benefits are similar to those anticipated
from some prescription and nonprescription drugs, medications should be
screened for possible interaction.Some to consider are:cholesterol-lowering drugs, diuretics and sedatives (see Constituent
section of this paper).
Constituents[8][11]
·Triterpenoids:Asiatic Acid, Madecassic Acid (connective tissue modulation-collagen and
other tissue proteins in vein and venous wall.)
·Unrelated to Kola nut and does not contain caffeine
In Addition to:[11]
·Volatile Oil Containing VallerinCamphor
·CineoleN-dodecane
·Terpene AcetateTran-B
Farnesene
·Germacrene-DB-Caryophyllene
·P-CymolA-Pinene
·MethanolAlly/mustard
oil
·FlavonoidsKaempferol
·ResinAlkaloid
hydrocotyline
·AsiaticBetulic
·BrahmicCentellinic
·IsobrahmicMadecassic
acid
·QuercetinTannin
·SugarAsiaticoside
·OxyasiaticosideBrahmoside
·BraminosideCentellaside
·MadecassosideThunkuniside
·BittersSterols
·PectinB-sitosterol
Conclusion
Enough evidence exists to
validate the benefits of Gotu Kola are widespread.Though many claims have yet to be accepted by modern
science, many foretold in classic text and seen from current use provide enough
substance to accept this herb as a stable Rasayana in every Ayurvedic
Pharmacy.As far as the longevity
claims of a long healthy life of at least 100 years, I'm halfway there, I think
I'll fix myself a nice cup of Gotu Kola tea.
[13]hong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. Chemical components of
Centella asiatica and their bioactivities, Zheng, CJ, Quin LP, 2007
May;5(3):348-51,
Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical
University, Shanghai 200433, China, PMID:17498500
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1.Bradwejn J, Zhou
Y, Koszycki D, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects
of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy
subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:680-684.
2.Nalini K, Aroor
AR, Karanth KS, et al. Effect of Centella asiatica fresh leaf aqueous
extract on learning and memory and biogenic amine turnover in albino rats. Fitoterapia.
1992;63:232-237.
3.Appa Rao MVR,
Srinivas K, Koteshwar Rao T. "The effect of Mandookaparni (Centella
asiatica) on the general mental ability (medhya) of mentally retarded
children". J. Res Indian Med. 1973;8:9-16.
4.Mohandas Rao KG, Muddanna Rao S., Gurumadhya Rao S.Enhancement of Amygdaloid Neuronal
Dendritic Arborization by Fresh Leaf Juice of Centella asiatica (Linn) During
Growth Spurt Period in Rats.Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal 576 104,
India.Evid Based Complement
Alternat Med 2009 Jun;6(2):203-10. Epub 2007 Aug 13.
5.Ram Harsh Singh Æ K. Narsimhamurthy ÆGirish Singh, Neuronutrient impact of Ayurvedic Rasayana therapy
in brain aging Received: 2 April 2008 / Accepted:
26 September 2008 / Published online: 18 October 2008, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 200
6.Singh RH,
Narsimhamurthy K, Singh G. Neuronutrient impact of Ayurvedic Rasayanatherapy in brain aging.Biogerontology.
2008 Dec;9(6):369-74. Epub 2008 Oct 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 18931935.
[15]Venous Insufficiency
1.Belcaro GV,
Grimaldi R, Guidi G. Improvement of capillary permeability in patients with
venous hypertension after treatment with TTFCA. Angiology. 1990;41:
533-540.
2.Belcaro GV, Rulo
A, Grimaldi R. Capillary filtration and ankle edema in patients with venous
hypertension treated with TTFCA. Angiology. 1990;41:12-18.
3.Cesarone MR,
Laurora G, De Sactis MT, et al. The microcirculatory activity of Centella
asiatica in venous insufficiency. A double-blind study [translated from
Italian]. Minerva Cardioangiol. 1994;42:299-304.
4.Pointel JP,
Boccalon H, Cloarec M, et al. Titrated extract of Centella asiatica
(TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Angiology.
1987;38:46-50.
[16]Skin Ailments and Wound Healing
1.Shukla A, Rasik
AM, Jain GK, et al. In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside
isolated from Centella asiatica.J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;65:1-11.
2.Bradwejn J, Zhou
Y, Koszycki D, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects
of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy
subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:680-684.
3.Klovekorn W, Tepe
A, Danesch U. A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, half-side
comparison with an herbal ointment containing Mahonia aquifolium, Viola
tricolor, and Centella asiatica for the treatment of
mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther.
2007;45:583-591.
4.Kartnig T. Clinical
applications of Centella asiatica (L.). Herbs Spices Med Plants.
1988;3:146-173. (Scar Tissue)
5.Bosse JP, Papillon
J, Frenette G, et al. Clinical study of a new antikeloid agent. Ann Plast
Surg. 1979;3:13-21. (Scar Tissue)
6.Bonte F et al. Influence of asiatic
acid, madecassic acid, and asiaticoside on human collagen I synthesis. Planta
medica, 1994, 60:133-135.
[17]Other Studies
1.Agrawal A, Dubey
M, Dubey G. Effects of Mentat on memory span, attention, galvanic skin
resistance (GSR) and muscle action potential (EMG) among normal adults. Pharmacopsychoecologia.
1990;3:39-42.
2.Sharma AK, Agrawal
A, Agrawal U, et al. Influence of Mentat (BR-16A) on memory and mental fatigue
in cases of anxiety neurosis and depression. Ind J Cancer Res.
1990;3:27.
3.Chatterjee TK, Chakraborty A,
Pathak M. Effects of plant extract Centella asiatica L. on cold
restraint stress ulcer in rats. Indian journal of experimental biology,
1992, 30:889-891.
Dog Rose - Rosa canina. This simple but beautiful rose flowers in June and July. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Author: Nellie
Shapiro
Date of Report: 11.26.10
Herbology class,
Alandi Ashram, Boulder, CO
Instructor: Jane Bunin, PhD
Introduction
Rosa canina belongs to theRosaceae family. Many of the Rosaceae are thorny, and most
are characterized by the presence of stipules on the leaf.The flowers having five sets of
parts.The fleshy fruit is called a
rose hip is not a true fruit. The rose hip is derived from large part from a
cup-shaped enlargement of the flower stalk (calx), within its cavity are numerous
carpels or true fruits.
Rosa canina ranges in height from 1-5 m and its stems
are covered with small sharp spines. The flowers are pale pink, 4-6 cm diameter
with five petals, and matures into an oval 1.5-2 cm red-orange fruit, the rose hip.
The fruit is valued for its high vitamin C level.
Rosehips have
been used by many cultures for centuries. Рекомендации по его использованию есть и в тибетской
медицине, и в работах Авиценны, и даже в рукописях библейских времен. Recommendations for its
use exist in Tibetan medicine, and mentioned in the works of Avicenna, and even
in manuscripts of biblical times. Но к лечению любым средством нужно подходить
осторожно.
How the plant was chosen
When I was
looking for the plant to write about, I remembered rosehips, a very popular
home remedy in Russia. There is much information written on the uses of the leaves
and flowers, but not much about the fruit.Textbooks, herbal anthologies, internet searchers and first
person interviews were the sources used to research this monograph.
Other Rosa
species: Rosa lutetiana; Rosa alba; Rosa
centifolia; Rosa damascena; Rosa gallica, Rosa provincialis , Rosa rugosa; Rosa
villosa,Rosa pomifera.
Common Names: Apothecary Rose, Cynosbatos, Dog Rose, Dog Rose Hips,
Églantier, Gulab, Heps, Hip, Hip Fruit, Hip Sweet, Hipberry, Hop Fruit, Persian
Rose, Phool Gulab, Pink Rose, Rosa de Castillo, Rosa Mosqueta, Rosae
Pseudofructus Cum Semen,Satapatri, Satapatrika, Shatpari, Wild Boar Fruit.
The leaves of Rosa canina are alternate. A rose's flower has two types of modified leaves, the sepals and the
petals. Sepals are the protective green wrapper leaves that surround the flower
bud as it develops. When the flower opens, the sepals turn backward, exposing
the petals. As the petals unfurl, you can see that they are connected to the
base of the flower where the sepals are also connected. The petals are the
fragrant parts of the rose flower, and they carry the color. Both fragrance and
color are attractants to pollinating insects.It is noted for attracting wildlife.
The flowers are
hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees,
flies, beetles, Lepidoptera (Moths & Butterflies), Apomictic (reproduce by
seeds formed without sexual fusion). The plant is self-fertile. They open in
June and July and mature into an oval 1.5-2 cm red-orange fruit, or hip in
autumn.
Habitats,
ecosystems, geographic range:
Rosa canina is a scrambling shrub-like species native to
Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia. It has been introduced to North
America during early colonization.. During World War II in the United States Rosa canina was
planted in victory gardens, and can still be found growing in wet, sandy areas
up and down the eastern U.S. coastline. Rosa canina is frequently around the edges of woods, hedges, garden fences. Rosa canina may also be found
growing naturally in open areas, such as meadows, pastures and wasteland.
In Colorado,
this author hasfrequently see Rosa canina at both 5,000 and
10,000 feet.
Time
of growth, flowering and fruiting (phenology)
Rosa canina seeds often takes two years to germinate. This is because it may need a
warm spell f weather after a cold spell in order to mature the embryo and
reduce the seed coat. The flowers of the Rosa canina are in bloom from June to July. Rosa caninahips usually grow approximately 30 mm in
diameter, but have a flimsy layer of flesh that encloses numerous seeds. The
fruits or hips of Rosa. canina are usually vivid red and harvested during fall.
Ecological
Status
Rose Canina is considered an invasivein
some areas like the high country of New Zeland. It is recognised as displacing
native vegetation butnot
considered to be a conservation threat.
Medicinal information
Collecting
Hips, leaves and
flowers are used. The fruits or hips of the Rose Caninaare collected during fall.The numerous carpels or true fruits
must be carefully removed before it is used for pharmaceutical purposes. The
flowers are collected when in full bloom.
PREPARATION AND USES
Pharmaceutical
companies have used Rose
Caninaand
it was in the official British Pharmacopoeia for refrigerant and astringent
properties.Now only used in allopathic
medicine to prepare a confection of hips used in conjunction with other drugs.The pulp being separated from the skin
and hairy seeds and beaten up with sugar.
Herbalists place Rose Canina in high regard. The petals, hips and galls are astringent, carminative, diuretic, laxative,
smoothing eyes and as a tonic. Rose Canina is considered strengthening to the stomach and useful in diarrhea and
dysentery, allaying thirst, and for its expectorant qualities good for coughs
and spitting of blood. Culpepper states that the hips are "grateful to the
taste and a considerable restorative, fitly given to consumptive persons, the
conserve being proper in all distempers of the breast and in coughs and
tickling rheum" and that it has "a binding effect and helps digestion." He also
states that "the pulp of the hips dried and powdered is used in drink to break
the stone and to ease and help the colic." The leaves of the Rose Caninawhen
dried and infused in boiling water have often been used as a substitute for tea
and have a grateful smell and sub-astringent taste.
The hips of the Rose Caninaare
widely utilized in preparing the rose hip syrup, especially for consumption by
young children. The rose hip syrup is not only healthy, but also a nourishing
beverage. Since the fruits of Rosa canina contains tannins, they are also used
to prepare a medication to treat diarrhea. The Rose Caninahips also possess diuretic
properties and therefore recommended to treat water retention. Rose Canina is especially
helpful in increasing the urine outflow. This action of the Rose Caninahips
also helps the body to eliminate the wastes and toxins. Additionally, Rose Caninahips are
also effective in satisfy thirst and assist in alleviating stomach
inflammations.
The petals,
fruits as well as the galls (abnormal growths on plants caused by insects etc.)
of Rose Caninapossess
therapeutic properties and are used to treat a number of medical conditions. These
petals, fruits and galls of Rose Canina are carminative (help in alleviating flatulence),
astringent, and laxative, diuretic, ophthalmic as well as stimulants. The hips
are extensively taken internally to treat conditions, such as influenza, colds,
scurvy, gastritis, trivial contagious ailments and diarrhea. Rose Caninaalso
help in gout and rheumatic complaints. Decoction of rose hips are also
effective for increasing hemoglobin. The Rose Caninaplants are used to prepare
a type of distilled water that is somewhat astringent and commonly used as a
lotion for sensitive skin. The
seeds of Rosa canina are known to be vermifuge helping in getting rid of worms
in the intestines.Rose Canina is also used as aBach flower remedy, a homeopathic preparation balancing the
emotional states of 'Apathy' and
'Resignation'. The hips Rose Caninacontain high levels of vitamins and minerals. Caninais particularly rich in
vitamins A, C , E , flavanoids. In addition, the hips of the Rose Caninaare also
a significant natural resource for fatty acids, something that is very uncommon
in fruits. Rose
Canina hips
are said to aid in the development of collagen and reduce stress. There seems
to be some medical studies that indicate that rose hips may be also beneficial
in the prevention of certain types of cancer, for treating rheumatoid
arthritis, and preventing the development of kidney stones.
The fruits or
hips of the Rose
Caninamay be consumed raw or cooked. They are widely used to prepare jams,
syrups and other such substances. Some people also use the Rose Caninahips to
prepare an herbal tea. It is interesting to note that frost make the fruits
softer as well as sweeter. People consuming the Rose Caninahips raw should do it cautiously by eliminating the hair-like
layer beneath the seeds. Rose Canina has been used as a food.People dry and pulverize them before mixing them with flour. The
grounded seeds are also added with other foods and used as dietary supplements.
The leaves of Rosa canina leaves are dried and used as an herbal tea,
substituting for genuine tea leaves. Another suggested use is as a substitute for coffee.The pink or whitish petals of Rosa
canina are also edible and may be consumed raw or cooked. While the petals have
a pleasant flavor.The base of the
petals may taste bitter and need to be removed before eating the petals. In
China, people consume Rose Caninapetals considering it as a vegetable. An amateur botanist has told me
that he had made an extraordinary jam from Rose Canina.The roots of the Rose Canina which has the common name of the dog rose are used in treating a bite from a mad
dog. It has even been reported that Rosa
canina, dried and then smoked
with tobacco produced mild
hallucinogenic effects and abnormal dreams.
Russian Folk
Remedies and Pharmaceuticals
Classic Drink: 5 с.л. 5 tbsp сушеных ягод измельчить, залить водой,
кипятить в течение 10 минут. crushed dried berries, add water, and
simmer for 10 minutes. Этот
напиток нужно настоять 2-3 часа, чтобы все целебные свойства перешли в
воду. Drink after 2-3 hours, so that all the healing properties
passed into the water. Пить как
обычный чай или сок, добавляя мед или любые соки по вкусу. Take as
much as regular tea or juice, adding any juices or honey to taste.
Для нормализации
артериального давления при гипотонии
следует сделать настой из шиповника на водке. For the low blood
pressure, tincture of rose hips should be taken. Возьмите пол литра
водки и сто граммов сухих плодов шиповника (можно использовать и свежий
шиповник). Take half a liter of vodka and one hundred grams of dried rose
hips (you can use fresh rose). Плоды тщательно измельчите, залейте водкой и
подержите в темном месте полторы недели. Fruits are carefully
chopped, pour vodka and soak in a dark place for 10 days. Пить настойку нужно
трижды в день до еды по двадцать капель. Drink tincture up to
three times daily before meals (twenty drops).
При воспалительном процессе среднего уха , сопровождающемся
выделением гноя, крепко заварите цветы шиповника.Inflammation of the middle ear,
accompanied by the release of pus, Объедините отвар с таким же количеством сока
моркови. Mix strong tea of rosehip flowers with the same amount of carrot juice.
Капайте
в больное ухо. Use as eardrops.
При воспалении предстательной железы делайте чай из
плодов шиповника, очищенных от семян. Inflammation
of the prostate gland - make tea from rose hips fruit, seeded. На 250 миллилитров
кипящей воды возьмите одну столовую ложку очищенных плодов. To 250 milliliters
of boiling water add one tablespoon of peeled fruit. Подержите полчаса в
тепле. Steep for 30 min.
Rose Hip Oil:
Масло шиповника вырабатывается из семян, которые содержатся
в плоде растения. Rose Hip Oil is produced from the seeds, which are contained in
the fruit of the plant. В них
есть много витамина С, А и Е, поэтому средство это высокоэффективно.
They have a lot of vitamin C, A and E, and therefore means it is highly
effective. Оно хранится не больше
трех месяцев, т.к. It is stored no longer than three months since эфирные вещества быстро улетучиваются.
volatile substances evaporate quickly.
Масло применяется для регенерации тканей, для разглаживания
шрамов или для улучшения цвета кожи. Oil is used for tissue regeneration, to
smooth scars or to improve color. Причем оно эффективно даже при застарелых и глубоких шрамах.
And it is effective even for old and deep scars. С помощью масла шиповника лечится псориаз,
нейродермит, экзема, дерматоз. Good for psoriasis, atopic
dermatitis, eczema, dermatitis. Для
лучшего эффекта его смешивают с лавандовым маслом. For best
results, mix it with lavender oil. Применяют также при лечении стоматитов, гингивитов, пролежней,
трещин сосков и ожогов. Also used in the treatment of stomatitis,
gingivitis, ulcers, cracked nipples and burns.
Масло шиповника - отличное увлажняющее средство, поэтому
его с успехом применяют для ухода за сухой и увядшей кожей. Rose Hip Oil - an
excellent moisturizer, so it is successfully used for dry and mature
skin. Оно также способно защитить
кожу от вредного воздействия солнечных лучей. It can also protect
skin from harmful sun rays.
Сок шиповника :Juice hips: Сок шиповника обладает всеми
полезными свойствами плодов. Rosehip juice has all the beneficial
properties of fruits. Приготовить
его можно так: свежие плоды шиповника помыть в холодной воде, затем
обсушить и вынуть семена. You can
cook it this way: fresh rose hips wash in cold water, then dry them and
remove the seeds.Бланшировать
плоды 2 минуты в кипящей воде, чтобы размякли, затем растереть пестиком
или протереть через сито. Blanch fruits 2 minutes in boiling water,
so gone soft, then grind with the pestle or rub through a sieve. В отвар плодов добавить мед или сахар
(на 1л воды 200г мёда или сахара). In decoction of fruit add sugar
(for 1 liter of water 200g of sugar). Полученный сироп смешать с протертыми плодами, довести до
кипения и разлить в горячие банки, немедленно их закатать. The
resulting syrup is mixed with mashed fruit, bring to a boil and pour into
hot jars, immediately roll them.
Physicians
in Russian hospitals and clinics prescribeHolosasan extract
of Rose Canina hip.The indications are:restoring normal liver function,
increase bile production, stimulate immune system and as an anti-inflammatory.
1.Rose essence is one of the
safest substances for healing. It has been primarily used for Anti-stress
therapy. If someone is depressed, having anxiety or feeling mentally exhausted,
the smelling Rose
Caninaessence helps immediately.The mind get freshness. Nervous system gets relief and a calm, soothing
stage of mind is attained.
2.It is helpful in women's Gynecological disorders, including menopausal
symptoms. If used before menstrual
cycle, it reduces P.M.S. problems.
3.It reduces excessive heat of the body.
4.It has cleaning effect on liver, kidneys and spleen.
5.It increase smoothness,
reduce wrinkles on the face and helps the skin of the body glowing and
charming.
6.It is good for respiratory disorders.
7.It has been used to mask the taste of many obnoxious food dishes as well
as to make them tastier to eat due to its rich and smooth flavor.
8.It is useful in reducing extra fat from the body and make body slim.
9.From the time of Queen
Cleopatra most of the Persian, European and Indian Queens loved Rose for its
wonderful healing qualities due to its soothing and cooling effects.
10.After a whole day's hard
work, in the early evening, Ayurvedic Doctors recommends Rose drink for refreshing
and a romantic evening. This drink is called "Gulab Lassi".
Fenugreek Leaves is known as Qasuri Methi in urdu, Qasure is a district in Punjab near Lahore. Qasuri Methi is known form its flavor. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Introduction
Methi
is one of the oldest medicinal plants in history; a description of this plant
was found on the Ebers Papyrus
1550 BC Egypt, one of the two oldest maintained medical documents (Brier,
1998). Methi
has, through the times, been used for a variety of health conditions such as
diabetes, fever, anorexia, cough, bronchitis, swellings, burns, abscesses,
ulcers, sprue and other digestive issues. Addtionally, methi has been used to
treat menopausal symptoms, inducing childbirth and stimulation of milk production in
breastfeeding women. This paper discusses the western and ayurvedic botanical nomenclature,
ethnobotany and research trials supporting the health benefits of methi.
Research process
Methi
has been around for thousands of years and used as a medicine, spice, and food
for both humans and animals. A wealth of information is available and numerous studies
have been made on its therapeutic effects. The research process for this
monograph began by diving in to the ayurvedic text of Bhavaprakasha and the Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia. The exploration continued online and with a discerning
attitude, scholarly articles and acknowledged references have been chosen to
give as much of an authentic presentation as possible.
Trigonella
foenum-graecum Linn., foenum-graecum means Greek hay (Kowalchik,
1998). Methi possibly got this name based upon its use as a fodder crop prior
to the discovery of its medicinal values in ancient Egypt (Kowalchik, 1998). Katzer,
an Austrian chemist, has collected information from various etymological
dictionaries and explains that the wordTrigonella comes from Greek trigonon
(triangle) which is composed of treis (three) and gony (angle). Trigonella foenum-graecum L.has flowers which are somewhat triangular
shaped and three leaflets which may be what trigonon
refers to.
Germanic languages are closely related in their
names for Trigonella foenum-graecum L., for example in German it is called Bockshornklee, in Danish Bukkehornskløver,
Swedish Bockhornsklöver and Norwegian Bukkehornkløver
which all mean buck horn's clover. The pods are long and pointed and
were likely compared with the horns of a Billy goat (refer to the picture on the right of the pods).
Common Names
Fenugreek, Bird's Foot, Greek Clover, Greek Hay, Greek Hay
Seed (NMCD). The following
names of methi
used in different languages have been collected by Katzer:
The Fabaceae family
is one of the most important plant families both ecologically and economically.
The plants of this family increase soil nitrogen and provide sources of
vegetable protein for domestic and wild animals as well as human beings (Lavin,
2001). Especially the wild variety of methi
is useful for horses (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).
Appearance
Methi
is an aromatic plant resembling a large clover that reaches from 30-60 cm (1-2
ft.) (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).
FLOWERS
The flower of Methi
is white or yellowish white, axillary, and has 5 petals which make up what is
referred to as banner, wing and keel. The banner is the largest upper petal and
has two lobes, which is why it appears as being two petals fused together. Two
smaller petals form the wings, and the last two are usually fused together and
make up the keel below the wings (Elpel, 2008; Bhavaprakasha, 2006).
LEAVES
A distinct characteristic of the Fabaceae family are the pinnate and trifoliate compound leaves. They
are deciduous during the dry season in the tropics or during the winter in
temperate regions (Lavin, 2001). The leaflets are toothed (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).
The flowers produce seed pods that are six inches (15 cm) long
and resemble string beans, but Methi fruits grow upright. Each pod contains 10
to 20 dull yellow, smooth, hard, and elongated seeds. They are shaped like a rhomboid
and have a deep groove running obliquely from one side which divides each seed
into two parts; a larger .2-.5 cm long and smaller .15-.35 cm. The seeds become
mucilaginous when soaked in water (ayurvedic pharmacopeia, 1999), contain high
amounts fiber and protein,
and are collected in the fall
(Turner, 2005). The fruit pods are 2-3 inches (5-7½ cm) long with long persistent beak.
Habitat, ecosystems and geographic range where found
Methi
is a hardy and fast growing plant that grows on field edges, uncultivated land,
hillsides and dry grasslands. It grows in just about any type of soil but requires
sunlight (Huxley, Fern, 1997).
Methiis native to southeastern Europe, northern
Africa, and western Asia,
and is widely cultivated in other parts of the world (Turner, 2005). It grows
abundantly throughout India, but especially in the north western state
Rajasthan, where it is used as a food and spice in many traditional families (Mathur,
2009). India occupies 70-80% of the world's export share, and Rajasthan delivers
83-90% of this share (Pruthi, 2001; Agarwal, 2001).
Phenology (time of
growth, flowering and fruiting)
Methiis an annual
plant that lives for only four to seven months (Petropoulos, 2002).
The flowering period is in the summer
(from June to August), and the seeds are ripe from August to September. The
flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated
by insects (Fern, 1997).
Ecologic Status
(widespread, uncommon, weed)
Fabaceae, the Pea
family (including beans and peanuts), is the third largest of plants after the
Orchid and Aster families; there are 600 genera and 13.000 species (Elpel, 2008).
According to Halevy(1989), there are about 130
species of Trigonella, of which, the
following are the most known:
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.has been
classified in several ways (Petropoulos, 2002). Serpukova (1934)
classified the seeds according to shape, size and
color while Sinskaya (1961) made his categories based upon growing period,
habits and morphological characters.
Plant Parts
Methi leaves and
seeds are used in cooking and medicinally. The seeds have great therapeutic
value and the powdered dried seeds are an important medicine in Ayurveda. Besides
its medicinal appreciation, the seeds are used in varieties of ways throughout
the world. They have a maple smell and flavor which make them a unique spice in
foods, beverages and confections. Seeds are sprouted and eaten raw in salads
along with the fresh green leaves or cooked into curries, soups, breads and
many other recipes (Turner, 2005). Refer to the appendixes at the end of this
paper for recipes using methi.
Sprouts: Soak 1-2 tsp seeds in water overnight. Pour
that water off the next day and rinse seeds with clear water. Place the seeds
in a sprouter and rinse with water daily. The sprouting process takes about
five days (Bonyata).
In
Egypt and Ethiopia, the seeds are used in sweets and as a supplement to wheat
and maize flour for making bread (Al-Habori, 1998). Armenians use the seeds
with garlic paste and chile pepper in a spice called chemen, Yemenite
Jews use them in a seasoning called zhug, and in the United States, seeds are used in bean soups,
chutneys, spice blends, icing and meat seasoning (Uhl, 2000). In Greece, the seeds
are boiled and eaten with honey, and in Africa they are soaked and used as
legume. The dry seeds are also roasted and used as a coffee substitute (Pruthi,
2001; AKA, 2000).
Other ways the seeds are used:
Tea: 1 tsp whole methi
seeds steeped in boiling water for 15 minutes. Drink three or more times a day
(Bonyata).
Poultice: Steep several ounces of seeds in about a
cup of water. Let them cool and mash. Place the paste on a clean cloth and use (Bonyata).
Facial Scrub: Soak 2 Tbsp seeds in 1 Tbsp plain live
yogurt for an hour, then blend coarsely to a paste. Gently rub this on to the
face and neck using circular movements and wash off after 15 minutes (India Abroad, 2002).
The seeds are also used as veterinary medicine. They are
mixed with cottonseed and given to cattle to enhance milk production. In rural
areas of the state Bihar, they are applied over swellings and wounds in cattle
and given to ruminants and poultry with diarrhea. The seeds are considered
useful in ruminants after calving and are sold as nutritional supplements for
horses and cattle (Jha, 1992; IIRR, 1994).
Extracts nowadays are used in maple
syrup imitations and cosmetic products, and due to its antifungal and
antibacterial properties, the seeds have shown to be suitable as packaging
paper to preserve foods; in 2002, a high school student from Maryland won an
award for this invention (Turner, 2005).
Ethnobotany
During the time of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, the king of
Syria from 175 BC. until 164 BC., a mixture of methi, cinnamon, spikenard, saffron, amaracus and lilies are said
to have been used as perfume (Leyel, 1987).
In ancient Egypt, methi
was used in embalming processes and for incense (Marcolina, 2004). At the Royal
Botanical Gardens in London, methiwas
discovered to be among the supplies placed in the Egyptian boy-king Tutankhamen's
tomb by his subjects to ensure he did not suffer from hunger in the afterlife.(Chicago
Sun-Times, 1988). Egyptians also roasted methi
seeds as a coffee and ate the sprouting seeds as vegetables (Stuart, 1986).
Methi
was a favorite of the Arabs. It was studied at the School of Salerno by Arab
physicians and had great importance in Hadith. According to Qasim Bin Abdul
Rehman, Rasulullah said, "Seek cure by (using) fenugreek," and Hadith
Rasulullah, "If my followers (Ummat) know the importance of the fenugreek then
they will buy it by gold of equal weight" (Ghaznavi, 1991).
Methi
is mentioned in the Mishna, the 'Oral Torah'which was the first
major written redaction
of the Jewish oral traditions, as an herb used as offering (Jerusalem
Post, 1995). Methi was also used
during the final attacks of the Romans on Jotapata in Galilee when Josephus
commanded methi to be boiled and poured over the siege ramps to make the
Romans slip and fall; the mucilage content of methi produces a slippery paste (Jacob, 1993).
During the 1st century
in Rome, Asclepiades, physician and originator of massage and friction, used methi as ageneral remedy (Thompson, 1897).
Benedictine monks are said to have introduced
methi to central Europe (Stuart,
1986), and hunting tribes used methi
in fishing. Due to its content of saponins, which is toxic to fish, large quatities
of methi
would be placed in lakes or stream to slow down or kill the fish. Saponins are
not absorbed well in the human body and thus do not cause harm in people (Fern, 1997).
Ayurvedic Properties
In
the ayurvedic pharmacopeia (1999), the following energetics are given for methi seed:
Bhavaprakasha (2006)
is in agreement with the ayurvedic pharmacopeia that methi seeds reduce vata and kapha, however, the textbook of dravyaguna claims the following
properties and actions (Nichteswar, 2007):
Rasa(taste):
katu (pungent)
Virya: ushna (heating)
Vipaka(post digestive effect): katu (pungent)
Guna(quality): laghu (light), snigdha
(unctuous)
Karma(actions): diipana (digestive), vaatahara
(pacifies vata) and raktapitta when entered into the prakopa stage of samprapti (disease process).
Note the different rasa,
vipaka, guna and karma.
According to Lad (1988), methi
acts on the following dhatus (bodily
tissues): rasa (plasma), rakta (blood), majja (marrow and nerve), shukra
and artava (reproductive), and the
following srotas (bodily systems): anna (digestive), prana (respiratory), mutra
(urinary), shukra and artava (reproductive).
Knowing the chemical
constituents of a plant is important in order to determine specific health
effects. During a study of observing different varieties of methi genotypes, it was discovered that
methi plants can vary in chemical
constituents (saponins, fibre, protein, amino acids and fatty acid contents) as
well as in morphology, growth habit and seed production capability. However, the
research results show that the variability for important traits in methi have a genetic base, which allows
for improved levels of possible traits (Acharya,
2006).
In addition, Barnes (2002),
DerMarderosian (1999) and Newall (1998) added the following:
Alkaloids:
carpaine, trigonelline yields nicotinic acid with roasting
Amino acids:
arginine
Fiber: Gum
(mucilage), neutral detergent fiber
Based upon an isotope dilution
technique, it has been concluded that methi
contains about 2-25 ppm sotolonen which is the dominant
flavor compound (ACS, 1997).
Therapeutic Indications
Methiis an
ancient plant and has been used throughout the world as a medicine, food and
spice. In Ayurveda, there are two different traditions to consider which can be
referred to as the Father lineage; the medicinal aspect based upon scriptures,
sutras and the traditions of the vaidyas, and the Mother lineage; cooking and
home remedies passed on from grandmothers to daughters through generations. These
traditions have, and still do today, serve all beings (Alakananda).
Father Lineage
Medicinally, methi has been indicated internally in
many conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, digestive problems,
cancers, fevers, impotence, asthma, and externally for mastitis, swellings, and
burns.
Diabetes
In bhavaprakasha
(2006), it is stated that methi
seeds are useful in treating diabetes, and based upon the following human
studies, this health claim has been documented. Amin (1987) demonstrated that the
hypoglycemic effects of methi
are due to stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic
beta cells as well as by inhibition of the activities of alpha amylase and
sucrase, the intestinal enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion. Sharma (1990) conducted a randomized study in patients with type 2
diabetes for 10 days. 15 non-insulin dependent diabetic patients were randomly,
in a cross over design, given diets with or without 100 g of defatted methi
seed powder each. By incorporating methi,
there was a significant fall in fasting blood glucose levels, and the insulin
responses were significantly reduced. There was a 64% reduction in 24 hr.
urinary glucose excretion with significant alterations in serum lipid profile,
and the serum total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride
levels decreased without any alteration in HDL cholesterol fraction. Gupta (2001) tested 25 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes who
all had similar weight and clinical test results. They were randomly divided
into two equal groups, and for two months Group 1 received 1 g hydroalcoholic
extract of methiseeds daily, and Group 2 received
placebo capsules. At the end of the two months, the fasting blood glucose and 2-hr.
post-glucose blood glucose were not different among the two groups; however, there
was a decrease in the beta-cell secretion and increase in the insulin
sensitivity in Group 1 as compared to Group 2. The serum triglycerides also decreased
and HDL cholesterol increased significantly in Group 1 as compared to Group 2. In another study, 69 patients, whose blood glucose levels were not optimally
controlled by oral sulfonylureas hypoglycemic drugs, were randomly assigned: 46
in an experimental group who were given methi
saponins (TFGs), and 23 in the control group receiving placebo 3 times per day,
6 pills each time for 12 weeks. The patients continued taking their regular
hypoglycemic drugs. The combined therapy of TFGs with
sulfonylureas hypoglycemic drugs lowered the blood glucose level and improved
clinical symptoms (Fu-rong, 2008).
Cholesterol
Sharma (1991) conducted a study of 10 healthy,
non-obese people with serum cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dL. Each person was
assigned to receive a control diet and an experimental diet, which was
supplemented with defatted methi
seed powder over two successive time periods, each lasting 20 days. During the
experimental period, 100 g of defatted methi
powder was divided into two equal parts and incorporated into chapatti for
lunch and dinner. For the control period, the chapatti contained no methi.
After ingestion of the methi
diet, eight of the 10 subjects experienced a 25% reduction in serum
cholesterol; methi significantly
reduced the LDL and VLDL fractions without altering the HDL levels. After 20
days of the control diet, the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were
unchanged from baseline. In 1996, Sharma performed a long-term study with 60 diabetic patients,
40 of whom were taking one or more anti-diabetic medications. Each person was
initially placed on a control diet for seven days, followed by placement on an
experimental diet for 24 weeks. During this experimental diet, 25 g of methi
seed powder was divided into two equal parts and consumed in soup 15 minutes
prior to lunch and dinner. Blood tests were drawn and after 24 weeks of the
study; the total cholesterol level decreased 14% from baseline; a significant
result.
Digestion
Methi
seeds are useful in digestive complaints such as gastritis and gastric ulcers. In
2002, a study revealed that an aqueous solution and a gel fraction derived from
methi
seeds have anti-ulcer effects equivalent to Omeprazole, an over-the-counter
medication for dyspepsia, peptic
ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux. The researchers found that the methi
extracts protect the gastric mucosa from injury as well as reduces the
secretion of gastric acid (Pandian). According to the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia (1999), methi
seed powder is indicated for grahanii
(sprue or malabsorption syndrome) with dosage of 3-6 g. In the Textbook of Dravyaguna (2007), 1-3 g of methi seed powder soaked in fresh made
yoghurt relieves pravahika (gassy,
cramping and burning diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, Bhishagratna, 2002). Due to
the content of fiber and mucilage in methi
seeds, they also act as a laxative, the dosage ½-1 tsp. of freshly powdered
herb per one cup of water, followed by an additional cup of water, can be taken
1-3 times daily (Turner, 2005).
Antioxidant
Studies demonstrate that a polyphenol-rich aqueous
methanolicextract from methi
seeds have antioxidant properties and protect cellular structures from
oxidative damage (Kaviarasan, 2004, 2005; Farrukh, 2006).
Cancer
Trigonelline, the alkaloid constituent, in methi seeds has shown potential for use
in cancer therapy (Phillips, 1990).
In an in vitro study, the extract FE from methi
seeds was demonstrated to have toxic effect on cancer cells but not normal
cells. Treatment with 10-15 [micro]g/mL of FE for 72 hours turned out to be
growth inhibitory to breast, pancreatic and prostate cancer cells, and it was
discovered that "death of cancer cells occurs despite growth stimulatory
pathways being simultaneously upregulated by FE" (Shabbeer, 2009).
Other in vivo studies disclose that
diosgenin, an extract of methi,
hinders tumor growths by inhibiting Akt signaling. After treatment with diosgenin,
the incidence of breast hyperplasia decreased and toxicity was almost gone in breast
epithelial cells (Amin,
2005; Srinivasan, 2009). Diosgenin and ethanol extracts show to prevent colon
cancer by inducing apoptosis (Raju, 2004; Sebastian, 2007).
Galatagogue
In Bhavaprakasha (2006),
it is stated that methi "seeds are
anabolic and galactagogue and are used in children and mothers." A study in Indonesia
supports this statement when methi was
shown to be effective in 75 lactating women (Damanik, 2004).
In 1945, an Egyptian researcher
reported that methi
stimulates breast milk production; it was found that its use was associated
with increases in milk production of as much as 900% (Fleiss).
In the Warli tribe, the largest in the Dahanu area in Maharasthra, India
(about 120 km from Mumbai), a small amount of methi seeds are powdered and mixed in rice porridge and taken daily,
first thing in the morning to increase lactation in nursing mothers (Sayed,
2007).
During 1992, in Sudan, during
interviews with several grandmothers, it was discovered that they recommend methi for lactating mothers (Ahfad, 1995). Methi seeds contain flavonoids, phytoestrogen, which regulates the
hormones and aids the mammary glands to produce milk (as a consequence to the
stimulation of the secretion of prolactin) in nursing mothers (Sayed, 2007). In
addition, Rima Jensen, MD, (1992) suggests that methi affects the milk production because methi stimulates sweat production and
the breast is a modified sweat gland. Jensen (1992) has worked with at least
1200 women who have taken methi to
increase breast milk and most mothers did not need any other interventions to
develop sufficient milk. Generally within 24 to 72 hours after taking 2-3
capsules methi seed powder three
times a day, the mothers would experience a difference, and most of them found
that they could discontinue taking methi
when the milk production was stimulated to an appropriate level (Jensen, 1992).
Kathleen Huggins, the director of the breastfeeding clinic at San
Luis Obispo General Hospital, CA, uses methi for relactation and for mothers who are pumping for non-nursing
babies.
Other Uses
Methi
is an ally for both male and female concerns. In China, methi is used to treat male impotence, premature ejaculation and
low libido (Ody, 1993; Willard, 1991; Bensky, 1993). Egyptian women used methi
to ease menstrual pain (Ody, 1993). According to Depp, the leaves are helpful in anemia because
they are rich in iron. A poultice or plaster of the seeds and/or leaves can be
applied for engorged breasts or mastitis to help with let-down and to reduce
swellings and inflammation (Bonyata; Shah, 2007). Methi is also helpful in the induction of childbirth due to its
stimulating effect on uterine contractions (Turner, 2005). In bhavaprakasha (2006), it is stated that methi
is useful in fevers and that a paste of methi
leaves applied over the eyes relieves conjunctivitis. A poultice of the leaves is
also used for burns (Warrier, 2002), and the leaves are given internally for other
conditions of pitta (Warrier, 2002). In
traditional Chinese medicine, methi
seeds are used as a treatment for weakness and edema of the legs (Yoshikawa,
1997). Gargling
with warm methi
tea is said to soothe sore throats (Castleman, 1991; Hoffmann). For asthma, the
Jewish, Spanish born, physician Moses Maimonides, who lived in 1100, advised an
enema with sap of linseed and methi,
oil, chicken fat and beet juice (Muntner, 1963). The saponins in methi seeds have been extracted for use
in various other pharmaceutical products (Phillips, 1990), and in the development of oral contraceptives and
sex hormones, diosgenin is an important substance in the experiments (Rosengarten,
1969).
Preparations
In
the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia (1999), methiis an ingredient
in the important formulations mustakaarista
and mrtasanjiivanii suraa. Aristha is an herbal wine prepared by
boiling (Sarngadhara). Sura means Aasava (Bharat, 2010) which is an herbal
wine made from cold water without boiling (Aarngadhara). Mrtasanjiivaniisuraa is
the drug of choice for kapha jvara,
sannipata jvara (tridoshic fever), daurbalya
(weakness and debility), krushuta
(emaciation), svasa (dyspnoea) and kasa (cough); it penetrates deep into
the lungs and thus helps to clear the air passages (Bharat, 2010).
Ingredients of mustakaaristha(Bharat, 2010)
·Mustaka
·Jaggary (gud)
·Maricha (black pepper)
·Dhatki (flower)
·Methika (fenugreek)
·Jirak (cumin)
·Dry Ginger (sunthi)
·Chitrak
·Lauang (clove)
·Ajwain
Ingredients of mrutsanjivanii suraa (Bharat, 2010)
·Very old Jaggery (Gud)
·Cinnamon
·Pomegranate
·Lajjalu
·Ashvagandha
·Devadaru
·Bilva
·Shyonak
·Gokshura
·Shalparni
·Prasnaparni
·Aruna
·Patla
·Moca
·Brihati
·Kantakari
·Indravaruni
·Badari
·Chitrak
·Punarnava
·Svyangupta
·Dhustura
·Poog
·Lotus
·Chandan (sandalwood)
·Ushir
·Shatpushpi
·Maricha (black pepper)
·Ajwain
·Krishna Jirak (black cumin)
·Sariva
·Cardamom
·Jathiphal
·Mustaka
·Granthparni
·Shunthi (dry ginger)
·Methika
·Shati
Methi is also part of the formula caturbiji, which contains chandrashura
(Lepidium sativum - gardencress
pepperweed), krishna jiraka (Nigella sativa - black cumin) and yavani (ajwain) (Pole, 2006). Caturbija powder treats conditions
caused by vata dosha such as indigestion, bloating, spasms, and thoracic and
pelvic pain (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).
Mother Lineage
The use of methi
as a spice in cooking is a known tradition in many cultures throughout the
world. In Rajasthan, the largest state in India, methi is an important ingredient
in the common spice combination of cumin seeds, onion, garlic paste, turmeric
powder, red chili powder, coriander powder, besan flour, jaggery, tamarind or
lime and salt (Mathur, 2009). When making Rajasthanicurries, the methi seeds
are usually boiled until soft, the cooking water is discarded to remove any
bitterness and then the seeds are seasoned with oil and other spices. Methi ladoo is a traditional sweet in Rajasthanprepared from roasted methi seed flour with added jaggery and
ghee. This sweet is mostly consumed during the winter for joint pains,
arthritis and rheumatism
(Mathur, 2009). Another Rajasthanipreparation is methi raita
which is made with fresh yoghurt and sprouted seeds eaten as such or seasoned
with spices (Mathur, 2009).
Home remedies date far back and there are many different ways on how to
use methi. For sinuses, simmer 2
tablespoons of crushed methi seeds in
2 cups of water for 30 minutes. Strain and add 1 tablespoon each of lemon and
onion juice. Drink several cups a day (Williams, 2005, p. 146).
To build blood, add 1 teaspoon each of methi seeds, dried comfrey and dandelion in 2 cups of boiling
water. Steep for 10 minutes, strain and add honey as sweetener. Drink after
meals (Williams, 2005, p. 183).
For lung and sinus congestion, blend 1 tablespoon each of methi, slippery elm, thyme, and comfrey.
Place powder in capsules and take 2 capsules every 2 hours for 3 days. When symptoms
are relieved take 2 capsules daily (Williams, 2005, p. 221).
As a tonic for good health in both humans and animals, add 2 teaspoons of
methi seeds in 1 cup of boiling
water. Steep for 15 minutes, strain and add at least once a week to the
drinking water (Williams, 2005, p.
250).
To get relief from a sore throat,
boil 3 tablespoon methi seeds, a handful
of mint leaves and 4 cups of water for 15 minutes, strain and cool. Gargle with
this decoction regularly until soreness disappears (Sanmugam, 2007, p. 84).
Ramadoss Prabhakaran (2010) from Madurai,
Tamil Nadu, India, shares that his mother used to take, and give the family, a
teaspoon of methi powder every day
with 1 glass of water during the summer to keep the body cool. She would take methi to relieve stomach pain due to the
heat, and a teaspoon of methi every
day to prevent diabetes. Yemenites Jews also consume methi
seeds. They soak, boil and liquefy the seeds in soups, sauces and vegetable shakes
(Goulart, 1995).
Methi
seeds contain mucilage and to keep skin soft, the seeds are soaked in water to
extract the mucilage, which is then applied to the skin (Shah, 2007). To
enhance a clear complexion, soak 2 Tbsp. methi
seeds in water for 30 minutes, then drain the water. Blend the seeds with 2
Tbsp. dried methi leaves and ¾ cup coconut milk. Then add 1 Tbsp. chickpea
flour and stir until paste is free from lumps. Apply a thin layer of the paste
on a clean and dry face and neck. Leave the mask on for 15 minutes or until it
is dry, then rinse it off with lukewarm water and pat dry with a towel (Sanmugam,
2007, p. 85).
Methi
also promotes hair growth, and Dr. Smitha Yavagal, an Indian beautician,
suggests the following home remedies for hair growth and dandruff:
Soak methi seeds in coconut oil under
direct sunrays for seven days. Then apply to scalp.
Make
a paste using methi powder and
coconut milk. Rub this paste on scalp briskly and cover with a plastic
cap, leave it on for 30 minutes and wash the hair with mild shampoo.
Take 1
part Bengal gram (chana dal), 1 part green gram (green chana) and ½ part methi seeds. Powder them coarsely.
This mixture can be used to wash your hair. It does not remove the natural
oil from the hair and thus prevents dryness of hair.
For
dandruff soak 2 Tbsp. methi
seeds overnight in water, in the morning grind the seeds into a fine
paste. Apply the paste throughout the scalp and leave it on for ½ hour.
Then wash the hair thoroughly.
To make hair silky and glossy, soak 2 tablespoons of methi
seeds in water for 30 minutes. Drain the water and blend with 2 tablespoons
dried methi leaves and ¾ cup milk or coconut milk into a paste. Apply onto
pre-washed scalp and hair and leave in for 20 minutes. Rinse off and shampoo as
usual (Sanmugam, 2007, p. 83).
To increase volume of hair, soak 3
tablespoons of methi seeds in ¾ cup
water for 6 hours. Grind the seeds into a paste with the water and slowly stir
in 3 tablespoons soap nut powder, mix well. Rub paste into scalp and leave it
in for about 30 minutes, then rinse off and shampoo as usual (Sanmugam, 2007,
p. 169).
Herb-Drug Interaction
& Contraindications
Methi
is safe when used in moderation for its intended use; it is listed on the Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) list of
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (CFR). Yet, as with most
medications and herbs, side effects have been noted.
Caution should be taken when taking Warfarin or other anticoagulant
drugs such as Heparin used to stop blood from clotting.Due to the coumarin content inmethi,
it can enhance the anticoagulant activity and in combination with Warfarin or
Heparin, the international normalized ratio (INR) may increase and cause
bleeding (Lambert, 2001).
Since methi can lower blood sugar, it is important to
monitor blood sugar levels when taking Insulin, Glipizide or other anti-diabetic
drugs. Dosage adjustment of anti-diabetic drugs may be necessary when taking methi
on a regular basis (Fetrow, 1999).
Due to the amine content in methi,
the effect of Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may be enhanced (Fetrow,
1999), and in theory, methi
may impair absorption of oral medications due to its high content of
mucilaginous fiber (Fetrow, 1999).
If taken in large amounts, methi
can cause contractions of the uterus. Thus, women who are pregnant should avoid
therapeutic doses (Bown; Chevallier,
1996). However, a study of pregnant rats fed with 75 mg/kg p.o. (a dose
equal to therapeutic doses for diabetes) trigonelline, extract of methi, showed no significant difference
in the implants or numbers of offspring to that of the control group; the
litters all survived and were normal growth (Shah, 2006). It is therefore
controversial if methi can cause
abortions.
Since methi
is in the same family as peanuts and chickpeas, methi should be used with caution or avoided if there is a history
of peanut or chickpea allergy (Patil 1997;
Ohnuma
1998; Lawrence,
1999).
If taking larger doses (more than
100 g per day) adverse reactions such as nausea or diarrhea can occur, or even
more severe pitta provocation such as bleeding, bruising or hypoglycemia. If
there is excessive topical use, skin irritation can happen, and inhalation of
the powder may cause asthma or allergic reactions such as swelling, numbness or
wheezing (Fetrow, 1999).
The safety is not well-documented
for use in small children or persons with liver or kidney disease (Turner, 2005).
Depending on the dose used, methi
may cause a maple syrup odor in sweat and urine (Turner, 2005).
Conclusion
For thousands of years, methi
seeds and leaves have been used as incense, perfume, food and medicine for
human beings as well as animals. It is mentioned in ancient texts such as Ebers Papyrus and Bhavaprakasha for its medicinal values. Methi lowers vata and kapha dosha as well as raktapitta in the prakopa stage of samprapti.
Many researchers have studied the therapeutic effects of methi seeds and have established the fact that methi lowers cholesterol and blood sugar due to its saponin
content, stimulating effect on glucose-dependent insulin secretion from
pancreatic beta cells, and by inhibiting the activities of alpha amylase and
sucrase. Methi protects the gastric
mucosa and can help digestive complaints such as gastritis and gastric ulcers.
The polyphenol-rich extract has antioxidant properties and prevents oxidative
damage, and trigonelline, diosgenin and ethanol extracts have been found useful
in the cure of breast, pancreatic, prostate and colon cancer by hindering tumor
growth. Methi is a galactagogue due
to its content of flavonoids and phytoestrogen and is used by nursing mothers
around the world. While considered safe for most uses, precaution is warranted
for some applications of methi. Yet its far reaching effects make methi an herb with substantial benefits
to those who use it as intended.
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Heterocycles 47(1):397
Rhus Glabra L. is
one of the most common sumacs. It is an attractive ornamental plant and is
cultivated by many for its beauty. The scientific name Rhus Glabra comes from Greek and rhus is derived from "rhous"
which means bushy sumac, glabra means
smooth and refers to the stem and leaves of the plant (Kindscher, 1987).
How the Plant was chosen
In order to choose an appropriate plant for this project, it
is important to find out if the plant has previously been described
ayurvedically.
First I looked up the plant in Yoga of Herbs by Dr. Vasant Lad and David Frawley (1988). They
mention Sumach but only briefly in their tables.
Then I looked in the online source for The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and found Tintidika, which is a
different species of Sumac.
I also found Rhus glabra
in Planetary Herbology by Michael Tierra
and David Frawley (1988), which led to a bit of discussion whether or not the
plant was described ayurvedically. The conclusion was that the information
provided was not sufficient as an ayurvedic description. Thus, I was granted
permission to focus on Rhus glabra L.
For information on Native
American names of Rhus glabra L.
refer to Kindscher (1987, 1992).
Appearance
Rhus glabra L.is a large shrub or
sometimes a small tree with open, flattened crown of a few stout, spreading
branches and with whitish sap. The height can vary from 2-20 ft.
LEAVES
Rhus glabra below North Fork Mountain, West Virginia, USA. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
The leaves are alternate, stalked, odd-pinnately compoundwith slender axis, 12
- 20 inches long (30 - 50 cm), with
11-31 lance-shaped to elliptic leaflets, which are 2 - 4 inches (5-10 cm) long
and ¾ to 1¼ inches wide. The upper surfaces of the leaflets are
dark green and shiny/glossy, the lower surfaces dull and whitish;they are hairless,
almost stalkless, andhave
toothed serrated marginsand pointed tips.
The leaves turn bright red in the
autumn.
BARK
The bark is light brown and smooth on
young plants, on older wood it is smooth or becoming scaly and grey to brown.
STEM
The stem is erect, rigid, very stout, hairless, angular, smooth, has raised air pores, and covered with a whitish coat that can
be wiped off. It is reddish purple when young, grayish when mature.
The small, numerous flowers occur in large branched clusters at the ends of
the branches; they are less than 1/8 inches (3 mm) wide, crowded in large
upright clusters to 8 inches (20 cm) long.
The staminate flowers are small and yellowish green; they
have 5-parted calyces, 5 whitish petals, distinct, and ovate with 5 stamens, which
have yellow anthers.
The pistillate flowers are similar, in smaller clusters,
more densely flowered; and have yellowish stigmas.
The buds are small, covered with
brown hair.The inflorescences are panicles, dense, pyramid-shaped, 4 to 10
inches long, and terminal.
FRUITS
The fruits of Rhus glabra
L. are crowded in upright clusters
of red drupes4 to 6 inches tall. Each drupe (a fleshy fruit with a hard or stony
center) is about 1/8 inches (3 mm) in diameter, round, contains a single smooth seed, numerous,
dark red, and covered with short sticky red hairs
Habitat(s), ecosystem(s) and geographic range where found
Rhus glabra L.is found in open uplands including
edges of forests, grasslands, clearings, roadsides, and waste places,
especially in sandy soils (eNature.com). It also grows at pastures, along
railroads, and is cultivated in private settings (Kindscher, 1992).
It grows in colonies that result from stems sprouting from
roots (Missouri Department of Conservation).
Rhus glabra L. is native
to North America;
it is the only shrub or tree species native to all 48 contiguous states
(eNature.com). In addition, it stretches from southern Quebec west to
southern British Columbia in Canada, and to Tamaulipas
in northeastern Mexico.
Phenology (time of growth, flowering and fruiting)
The flowering period is in the spring (from May to June). The
male and female are usually on separate plants.
Fruits mature in late summer (from August through September)
and remain attached in winter.
Ecologic Status
(widespread, uncommon, weed)
According to Elpel (2008) there
are 60 different species of the Rhus genus
in the world out of which there are two species in Colorado.
Poison Oak, poison Ivy and poison Sumac used to be included
in the Rhus genus, however, nowadays
they are separated into their own Toxicodendron
genus (Elpel, 2008).
Poison ivy fruits are yellowish white
and clustered.
Poison ivy flowers are small
and scentless.
Raspberry And Poison Ivy Leaves (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Trees that might be confused
with Rhus glabra: Tree of
heaven - Ailanthusaltissima.
It is a common 'weed tree' in urban areas but can also invade disturbed forest
areas.
California Black Walnut Latina: Juglans californica Made in San Jose, California. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Rhus copallina, Cambridge University Botanic Garden (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Rhus typhina (syn. R. hirta) (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Rhus hirta
Tintidika, a
different species of Rhus, is
described in The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
of India.
Medicinal Information
Collecting
Flowers in spring from May to
June. Leaves when turning red in the autumn. Berries when ripe in autumn. Bark
and roots may also be gathered.
Preparation
Tea
from berries, leaves and roots.
Bark
syrup
Root
bark poultice
Leaves
dried and smoked
(Source: Foster & Hobbs).
Medicinal Use
According to Foster & Hobbs
(2002),
I. The berries are used as tea in traditional European folk
medicine to treat:
Postpartum
bleeding
Bloody
discharge
Urinary
tract problems
Diabetes
Fever
Vomiting
Bed-wetting
Gargled
for ulcerations of mouth and throat
Externally
to wash ringworm lesions and slow healing ulcers
II. Leaf tea used for:
Diarrhea
Urinary
tract disorders
Cystitis
Tuberculosis
Asthma
Syphilis
III. Root tea used:
Externally
as a postpartum wash for bleeding
Internally
to relieve painful urination, urinary retention, colds, dysentery,
suppressed appetite, and as an emetic.
IV. Bark syrup used to:
Stimulate
lactation
Stop
bleeding
Gonorrhea
Vaginal
yeast infections
Dysentery
Swollen
lymph nodes
V. Root bark poultice used externally on old ulcers.
VI. Leaves smoked with tobacco for head and lung problems.
According to Hartley, Rhus
glabra is also used in gargles as an antiseptic, refrigerant and diuretic. A
strong decoction or diluted fluid extract, affords an agreeable gargle for
angina.
In the homeopathic system of medicine Rhus glabra is used in occipital headache, ulceration of mouth,
stomatitis, epistaxic and profuse perspiration (Boericke, 1984).
Additional information: Kindscher, 1987, 1992.
Primary Constituents
Leaves and bark contain gallic
and tannic acid (Elpel, 2008).
In an antibiotic screening of British Colombian medicinal
plants, it was found that Rhus glabra
was more effective in its crude methanolic extracts than the other 100 plants
screened. The extract showed both the widest zones of inhibition in a disc
assay, and the broadest spectrum of activity (McCutcheon et al. 1992). The
chloroform/methanol extract was fractionated and revealed three antimicrobial
compounds; gallic acid and two of its methylated derivatives,
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid and 4-methoxy-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Saxena et
al., 1994). Only gallic acid has been isolated from Rhus glabra in the past (Doorenbos, 1976). These compounds showed
better activity against the gram-negative bacteria than the gram-positive
bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
While this study explains the traditional uses of Rhus glabra by native peoples, it is unlikely to lead to new
antibacterial drugs (Hartley).
Other Use
Raw young sprouts were eaten
by the Indians as salad. The sour fruit, mostly seed, can be chewed to quench
thirst or prepared as a drink similar to lemonade. It is also consumed by birds
of many kinds and small mammals, mainly in winter. Deer browse the twigs and
fruit throughout the year (eNature.com).
The berries can be infused into
cold water to make a good lemonade-type drink (Elpel, 2008)
Sumac thickets provide shelter for wildlife. Native
Americans used the drupes medicinally to treat sunburn and sores and to make
red and black dyes; the roots to make a yellow dye; and sometimes smoked the
dried red leaves. Deer and sheep sometimes consume the leaves (Kansas
Wildflower & Grasses).
Additional information: Kindscher, 1987, 1992.
Contraindications
Potentially toxic in large or
concentrated doses (Foster & Hobbs).
Ayurvedic Information
V+P-K-
Rasa: Kasaya (astringent),
Amla (sour)
Virya: Shita (cooling)
Vipaka: Amla (sour), Katu (pungent)
Prabhava: Madhura (sweet)
Guna: Ruksha (dry), Shita (cold), Laghu (light), Guru
(heavy) (Lad, 1997, p. 248)
Mahabhuta: Vayu (air), Prthvi (earth) (Lad, 1997, p. 248), and Tejo (fire) (Lad, 1997, 244)
Alterative (blood
cleansing)Rakta shodhana
Anti-diarrhea (stops
diarrhea)Brmhaniya
Anti-diuretic (increases
absorption of fluids) Mutrasangrahania
Cooling herbs create a sense of refreshment, a
lifting of feelings of oppression. They promote detoxification and clarity.
They tend to clear Pitta and the
blood but can also increase vata and kapha. When taken in excess, cooling
substances produce an undesirable coldness, hypoenervation, frailty, sadness,
nervousness, poor memory and gradual degeneration (Tierra & Frawley).
According to Sharma (1995), the general systemic
action of kashaya (astringent taste)
is healing, absorbing, anti-diuretic, and normalizing skin pigmentation.
Furthermore, it acts on diarrhea, hemorrhage, wounds, polyuria, and respiratory
disorders.
Astringent taste is sedative, stops diarrhea, aids
in healing of joints, and promotes absorption of bodily fluids, and the closing
and healing of sores and wounds (Lad & Frawley, 1986).
Astringent causes shrinkage of mucous membranes or exposed
tissues. It may be applied internally to check discharge of blood serum or mucous
secretions caused by sore throat or diarrhea, or applied externally on cuts,
allergies, fungal infection, scars or insect bites. Astringent also helps to
heal stretch marks and other scars (Mother Herbs & Agro Products).
Psychologically, astringent taste is supportive and
grounding, it brings things together and makes the mind collected and
organized, putting everything in its right place (Lad, 1997, p. 249).
Sour taste improves the taste of food, enkindles
the digestive fire, add bulk to the body, invigorates, awakens the mind, gives
firmness to the senses, increases strength, dispels intestinal gas and flatus,
gives contentment to the heart, promotes salivation, aids swallowing,
moistening and digestion of food, gives nourishment (Lad & Frawley, 1986).
Sour taste brings comprehension, appreciation,
recognition and discrimination. It makes the mind alert, sharp and enhances the
span of attention (Lad, 1997, p. 245).
Contraindications
The taste of kashaya
(astringent) is contraindicated in disorders such as vata provocation, general
debility, and loss of appetite (Sharma).
Charak Monument in Yog Peeth Campus,Father of Medicine & Surgery (Photo credit: Wikipedi
By Heidi Nordlund
instructor, Dr Bharat Vaidya
Who was Caraka and
when did he live? Was Caraka the author of the Ayurvedic medical text Caraka
Samhita? Many scholars and philosophers have contemplated the answers to these
questions and presented different theories. This paper will discuss some of
these hypotheses and draw comparisons between the Caraka Samhita and the Yoga
Sutra of Patanjali.
The Bower
Manuscript, written in Sanskrit, was
discovered in 1889. It points to the existence of a forgotten Buddhist
civilization in Chinese Turkestan and offers evidence for
Caraka's name as being a medical authority by the beginning of 6th
century 600AD (Wujastyk). Caraka is mentioned in Chinese texts as the physician
of the Yuezhi King Devaputra Kaniska of the late 5th century AD (Wujastyk).
While this tale of associating Caraka and King Kaniska is the only evidence
before the Bower Manuscript, professor Hermann Georg Jacobi and Dr. Augustus Rudolf
Hoernlebelieve that Caraka lived some time between
200BC and 800BC (Bharat). P.V. Sharma places Caraka at 200-300BC, at the
juncture of Maurya-Sunga periods (Agrawal). However, there is no mention of
Buddha or his philosophies in Caraka's writing, thus it is likely that he preceded
Buddhism (c. 500BC). Additionally, the style of Caraka's writing is similar to that
of the Brahmanas and Upanishads (c. 800BC) (Agrawal). According to Agrawal, further
evidence supports the belief that Caraka lived during 800BC; Caraka is
described as an evil god in a branch of the Yajurveda, A1-Beruni describes the
term Caraka to stand for an intelligent person, and according to Kasikavrtti, Vaisampayana, a disciple
of Vyasa is known as Caraka (Agrawal). Vyasa was the author of the Mahabharata which dates back to 800BC (Wikipedia).
According to
Mukhopadhyaya, Caraka must have been famous before Panini's time because Panini
wrote special sutra for him and
Agnivesa (Panini, Iv.3.107;
iv.1.105) (Agrawal). Shaina Bal shares
that Panini is most commonly believed to have lived 520BC to 460BC (Indopedia),
which supports the hypothesis that Caraka resided during or earlier than 500BC.
Caraka is often referred to as the author of the
Caraka Samhita (Wikipedia, Charaka Samhita) which is considered to be
the most authoritative text on Ayurveda (Sivaraman). There is a tale that
describes how Caraka became the author of Caraka Samhita; Caraka was the name
for the sage King Sesha, who is referred to some to be the recipient of
Ayurveda. When Sesha experienced the sickness on earth, he was moved with pity
and incarnated as the son of a sage to alleviate disease; he was called Caraka
because he had come to the earth as a spy. Based upon older works of Agnivesa,
he composed the Caraka Samhita (Williams). According to Caraka Samhita, the order
of transmission of the Ayurvedic knowledge is as follows; Brahma, Daksa,
Prajapati, the Ashwini twins, Indra, Bharadvaja, Sage Atreya Punarvasu and his
six disciples out of whom Agnivesa taught Caraka (Sivaraman, Bharat).
While Cara, in Sanskrit, can mean a spy, it
also means moving, and Caraka is
commonly translated as a wanderer or wandering physician (Williams, Bharat).
Agrawal states that "the name Caraka is associated with Vedic, post-Vedic and
even pre-Vedic sages" and can refer to both a personal name and a name of a
clan or school to which they belong. Some scholars believe that the developers
of the compilation of Caraka Samhita were different from any pre-vedic, vedic
or post-vedic sages (Agrawal). Considering Caraka to mean wandering physician
suggests that the Caraka Samhita is not contributed by one person alone but
instead by a clan (Bharat).
A different
hypothesis all together of whom Caraka was is believed by some; that Caraka and
Patanjali, who is often considered to be the father of Yoga, may have been one
and the same person (Halpern, Agrawal). In many ways Ayurveda and Yoga are
closely related which could make ground to this claim. Let us look at some of
these similarities. Patanjali is
believed to have written a medical text; this is mentioned in the ancient
prayer to sage Patanjali (Ramaswami):
Through Yoga, of the mind, by
grammar, of language Through medical science of the body,the drosses, The one who eradicated, to Him of the lineage of sages, To Patanjali, I remain offering my salutation
Another
translation of the same prayer is available by Paramahamsa Prajnanananda,
With folded hands I give my
love and respect to the great sage Patanjali, who presented us with three valuable
things: a systematic yoga philosophy to purify the mind, knowledge of grammar
with which to speak consely, and Ayurveda to keep our body healthy and strong. (Prajnanananda)
Caraka was not
only a physician, but also a moralist and philosopher. In the Caraka Samhita, a
number of religious and moral instructions are given with reference to hygienic
rules as well as the importance of striving for attainment of the following
three objectives: preservation of vitality, gaining of wealth and peace within
and all around (Winternitz). It is described that sins such as lust is
responsible for a variety of diseases, and different practices are offered
which are useful for optimal health. By eliminating desires, we can free
ourselves from misery; "desire is the root cause of all miseries" (Sharma &
Dash, SA, 1/94-97). According to Mishra (p. 164), the methods described in
Caraka Samhita are similar to the Yama and Niyama teachings in Patanjali's Yoga
Sutra. In the second Niyama in Patanjali's Yoga Sutra (Sadhana Pada, s. 42), it
is explained that if we are established in Santosha (contentment), we will
always experience exceptional happiness (Prajnanananda). In the Caraka Samhita
(SA, 1/138-141), it is also described how happiness and misery are experienced
due to the mind, sense organs and the objects of senses. When the mind is
concentrated and set aside so that the Soul can express its true nature,
happiness and misery disappear. This experience is known as Yoga and by
continuous practice eight supernatural powers can be attained (Sharma &
Dash):
Entering
others' body/mind, and/or knowledge of past and future
Thought
reading
Doing
things at will
Supernatural
vision
Supernatural
audition
Miraculous
memory
Uncommon
brilliance
Invisibility
when so desired
Comparing these
eight attainments with the teachings of Patanjali's Yoga Sutra, we find in the Vibhuti
Pada, (s.16,19,21,37,42) that by practicing yoga of Dharana, Dhyana and
Samadhi, knowledge of past and future, others' mental images, and invisibility
is attained; from this knowledge, clairaudience, clairvoyance, supernormal
hearing and seeing arise (Satchidananda). Furthermore, according to
Satchidananda (Vibhuti Pada, s.46), there is also reference to eight siddhis
(supernatural powers) in the Yoga Sutra, these are: anima (becoming very
small), mahima (becoming very big), laghima (very light), garima (heavy),
prapti (reaching everywhere), prakamya (achieving all one's desires), isatva
(creating everything), and vasitva (controlling everything).
The fourth Yama in
Patanjali's Yoga Sutra (Sadhana Pada, s. 38) is about self-control
(Brahmacharya), and if we are firmly established in self-discipline, we achieve
immense strength, vitality, excellent memory, beauty and confidence
(Prajnanananda). Additionally, if we are free from greed (practicing Aparigraha,
the fifth yama in the Yoga Sutra, Sadhana Pada, s. 39), it is possible to
remember our past lives (Prajnanananda).
While there are
similarities, the language used in Caraka Samhita and the Yoga Sutra is
different (Bharat). In addition, Caraka Samhita emphasizes Yoga used as a
vehicle for good health while Patanjali portrays Yoga as the path to Samadhi (liberation
and Enlightenment) (Bharat). These are important differences which to many
scholars is evidence enough to conclude that Caraka and Patanjali indeed were
two different people. Which of the two was born first is also up for
discussion. Caraka is believed by some to have lived before Patanjali (Agrawal),
however, it is difficult to know when Patanjali lived; he could be older than
sage Vyasa and Lord Krishna because Vyasa wrote a commentary on the Yoga Sutra
by Patanjali, thus Patanjali may be more than 5000 years old (Prajnanananda, p.
10).
In
conclusion, there is evidence that Caraka lived some time between 800BC to
200BC and that he was a medical authority. Caraka was a student of Agnivesa and
involved in the compilation of the Caraka Samhita but it is likely that a clan
of people contributed to the writings. Whether Caraka of Patanjali was the same
person or who lived first is in need of more research, however, based upon the
differences in how Yoga is applied in the Caraka Samhita and the Yoga Sutra, it
is unlikely that Caraka and Patanjali were the same person.
References
Agrawal, D.P.About The Date Of Caraka, The Famous Ancient
Physician. Retrieved on
Conditions
April - Average sunrise - 6:30am, average sunset - 7:45pm; Temperature range 62-34, average 53.
May - Average sunrise - 5:45am, average sunset - 8:00pm; Temperature range 71-44, average 61
Weather - Wide range of weather patterns, and large temperature changes. Can be very warm and sunny, or cold. April and May are often some of the wettest months in the year, with snow storms or thunderstorms. May experience windy periods as well.
Recommendations
Diet
Kapha - during late spring Kapha has accumulated is liquefied by the increasing heat, which can disturb the digestive system. Kapha can become provoked during precipitation, snowy days and cloudy rainy days
To minimize Kapha:
Favor:
warming, drying, and activating foods
Pungent, bitter, and astringent tastes
Honey and hot herbal teas
Vegetarian, low-fat diet
Limit oils - Sesame oil and flax seed oil can be used minimally
Vegetables, grains, and beans, cooked and well-spiced
One salad per day
Whole grain crackers and toasted breads of millet, quinoa, and corn
Sweet fruits (e.g. figs, grapes and raisins, dates, blueberries, red raspberries, Babcock peaches, apples, pears, mango, and coconut.)
Bitter and astringent herbal teas and nonalcoholic beers and wines
Whole grains
Reduce or avoid:
Excessive sour, oily, salty, and fried foods
Red meat, shellfish fish
Alcohol, caffeine, and soda pop
Excessively hot spices, such as cloves, mustard, onion, garlic, chilies, radish, and cayenne.
Frequent use of acidic fruits, juices, and vegetables: tomatoes, beets, eggplant, corn, carrots, hot leafy greens, papayas, pineapple, citrus (except limes), and vinegar.
Cashews, peanuts
Vata - During late spring Vata can be aggravated by the highly changeable conditions and dry windy days
To minimize Vata:
Favor:
Cooked, warm, soupy, moderate to heavy foods, soothing and satisfying
Plenty of healthy oils (monounsaturates, sesame oil, ghee, butter, nut butters, and EFAs) - avoid hydrogenated oils, other saturated and polyunsaturated oils
Natural sweet, sour, and salty tastes and flavorful sauces
Carminative spices such as basil, oregano, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, cumin, pippali, coriander, and dill.
Protein-rich diet of animal products: ghee, warm milk, yogurt, cooked cheese, buttermilk, kefir, eggs, etc, as well as the grains like quinoa, corn, and basmati rice, and easily digested nuts and sesame seeds
Best fruits and juices: tomato, pomegranate, carrot, fresh-squeezed orange and grapefruit, apricot, peach, strawberry, raspberry, and vegetable juices
Lots of fresh veggies (cooked are easier to digest for Vata): pumpkin, carrots, beets, green leafy veggies, avocado, broccoli, baked potato, winter squash, tomatoes, etc.
Reduce or Avoid:
Caffeine, white sugar, and soda
Excessive use of beans and heavy grains (prepare them with ghee and spices)
Dry foods taken alone, large amounts of raw vegetables
Taking foods and drinks colder than room temperature
Red meat
Lifestyle
Late spring is a time of changing weather and release of accumulated kapha in the body, so digestion can be especially delicate, it can be especially important to follow agni rules at this time
Agni Recommendations:
Follow agni rules
Proper food combining
Drink ginger tea in the morning (fresh for vata and pitta, dry for kapha)
Take Agni kindler before meals
Drink CCF tea after meals
For Kapha:
Movement: vigorous exercise daily (ex. jogging, aerobics etc), strength training, engage in new activities and mental challenges
Do not skip meals, and do not fast. The Kapha digestive agni tends to be low, as does appetite, and not eating on time slows down the metabolism even more. Start your day with a light breakfast. Eat a sustaining meal at lunch, and a lighter meal for dinner.
Vigorous oil massage with warming oil
Protect yourself from the damp and cold. Drink lots of warm water, infused with warming spices such as turmeric, dried ginger and black pepper. At-home steam therapy can help open clogged channels.
Go to bed early and wake up really early in the morning, 90 minutes before sunrise, do not indulge in daytime snoozes.
For Pitta:
Stay cool--both physically and emotionally. Avoid going out in the heat of the day, especially on an empty stomach or after you have eaten tangy or spicy foods. Avoid exercising when it's hot. Walk away from situations that make you see red.
Do not skip meals, do not fast and do not wait to eat until you are ravenously hungry. You want to keep the fire burning at a moderate temperature, you don't want to put the fire out or to stoke it too high.
Daily oil massage with moderate to cooling oil
Water-based activities are ideal exercise for Pitta-dominant people. Try swimming or aqua-aerobics to stay fit but cool. Strolling after sunset, especially along a waterfront, is also a soothing way to fit some leisurely activity into your day.
Go to bed early, rise 60 minutes. Make sure to turn off the computer or TV by 10pm and turn the lights out. A cup of warm milk, with some cardamom, can be helpful before bedtime.
Balance work and play. Set aside some time for R&R everyday, and do not get so absorbed in a project that you are unable to detach from it.
For Vata:
Establish a daily routine. Go to bed and rise at same time (30 min before sunrise). Regulate meal times, eat even if not hungry to establish routine. Don't skip meals.
Foods and drinks that nourish
Daily oil massage with warming oil such as sesame
Light to moderate daily activity (don't over do and exhaust self) - slow classical vinyasa, swimming, dancing, bike riding
Keep warm, stay out of wind.
Flatirons with Spring flowers (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Herbology
Class, Alandi Ayurveda Gurukula, Boulder CO
Instructor:
Jane Bunin, PhD
Flower of Grindelia squarrosa, Curlycup Gumplant, rayless (eradiate, discoid) form, which is sometimes considered a separate species, Grindelia nuda or Grindelia aphanactis. Streetside, Española, New Mexico. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Introduction:Grindelia squarrosa a.k.a ."gumweed" of the Asteraceae/Sunflower family is a
biennial or short lived perennial found in the Mountain West. It has yellow,
daisy-like flower heads and a sticky, resinous sap covers its leaves. It
is both edible and medicinal and has been used in European and western
herbology and in Native American medicine.
Choosing Gumweed:
Gumweed is described in several books (Hobbs,
2002) (Kindscher, Edible Wild Plants of the Prairie, 1987) (Kindscher,
Medicinal Wild Plants of the Prairie, 1992) (Moore, 1979) as being useful as
edible and medicinal from a western perspective with some information relating
it to uses by American Indians. Limited information is currently
available in terms of Ayurvedic uses. It is mentioned in Appendix VI
"Latin Appendix" of "The Yoga of Herbs" (Vasant Lad, 1986) but does not appear
to be described in any depth. It is briefly described in "Planetary
Herbology" (Frawley, 1988) and although energetics of the plant are mentioned,
no Ayurvedic verbiage or references to vipaka, srotamsi, or specific Ayurvedic treatments are used or
made. I did not find any sources on the internet ( including Google
search, www.colostate.edu,www.ayurvedicherbsdirect.com, or www.books.google.com)linking
gumweed and Ayurvedic medicine.Nor is Grindelia squarrosalisted
in any of the currently published volumes of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia (The
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2004, 2007).
Botany and Ecology:
·Latin Name: Grindelia squarrosa; Grindelia after David Hieronymus Grindel
(1776-1836) who was either (depending upon the source) a Latvian, Estonian or Russian botanist. Squarrosa means scabby, scaly or
roughened in reference to the leaf like appendages that stick out below the
flower head. Common Names: Gumweed, Rosinweed, Tarweed, curly-top
gumweed, curly-cup gumweed, rayless gumweed, broadleaf gumplant, Yerba del
Buey.
·Nomenclature:
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Magnoliophyta
Class:
Magnoliopsida
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Tribe:
Astereae
Genus:
Grindelia
Species:
G. squarrosa
·Appearance:It grows 0.33 to 3.3 feet with smooth stems, spreading to
erect, usually single and branched above. Alternate leaves, oblong with
entire to coarsely toothed margins. Flower heads are several to numerous
with yellow ray florets up to .5 inches in length. The floral disk is 0.6
to 2.75 inches wide.Bracts of heads
resinous and strongly curled. Resin covering the flowers and flower buds is
thick and milky and smells balsamic. Its purpose is to ensure pollination
should insects fail. The fruit is an achene[1]. Gumweed is tap rooted, and
develops a short, vertical rhizome. The root system extends 6.5 feet into
the soil, with extensive shallow root development.
·Habitat:Disturbed sites, plains, pastures, hills, roadsides, along
streams, sands, clays, and sub-alkaline soils; elevations from 3,000-8,000
feet. Gumweed favors dry areas, but grows on moist soils that lack other
vegetation. It is probably native to the Great Plains and, perhaps, Rocky
Mountain areas; it is widely introduced in other areas.
·Ecologic Status:No native status listed (US Dept. Of
Agriculture NRCS Plants Database); No Federal legal status (USDA Forest
Service); this plant can be weedy or invasive; Gumweed increases with grazing
and has a negative economic impact on rangelands.
It forms dense, brush like cover in rangelands where there is much broken sod(USDA
Forest Service).
·Related
Species: 28 related species within Grindelia
·Other:
Unpalatable to cattle, sheep, and horses though sheep will occasionally crop
flower heads in the absence of other forage. It is drought resistant due
to deep roots and resinoussecretions(USDA
Forest Service).
Medicinal Information:
·Collecting:Flowers are harvested when in full
bloom or buds just
prior to the opening of the marginal florets and the appearance of the first
bright yellow petals. The buds develop and open from May through September, with the
best buds available in Leo, mid-July thru mid-August.
Hand harvesting is recommended as the gum covers and quickly dries on anything
that it comes in contact with. Several buds can be grasped and picked at
once and collected in a paper bag. It is recommended to "cool" the buds
before confining them if not immediately preparing them otherwise. Seed Collecting: allow pods to dry on plant and break
open to collect seeds.
·Preparation:
Leaves and flowers can be used interchangeably for a tea (decoction); flowers
are preferred for tincturing; crushed flowers as a poultice; Fresh, young,
sticky flower heads can be used as chewing gum
·Medicinal Uses:The medicinal use of gumweed datesback
to Native American and folk times and it was listed as an official drug in the United States Pharmacopoeia until
1960. The slightly bitter and aromatic tea may be used for bronchitis or
wherever an expectorant is needed; as an antispasmodic for dry hacking coughs
(alone or often combined with Yerba Santa). It is believed to desensitize the nerve endings in the bronchial
tree and slow the heart rate, thus leading to easier breathing; it merits
investigation as a treatment for asthma. The tincture is useful for bladder and
urethra infections. Tincture or poultice may be used topically for poison ivy
and poison oak inflammations. Other indications include bronchial spasm,
whooping cough,malaria, other chronic and acute skin
conditions, vaginitis and as a mild stomach tonic.Native Americans (tribes including Pawnee, Cheyenne, Sioux
[Lakota and Teton Dakota], Crows, Shoshones, Poncas, Blackfeet, Crees, Zunis
and Flatheads) used preparations of curlycup gumweed both internally and
externally as washes, poultices, decoctions and extracts to treat skin diseases
and rashes, saddle sores, scabs, wounds, edema, asthma,bronchitis,
cough, pneumonia, cold,nasal catarrh,
tuberculosis, gonorrhea and syphilis, menstrual and postpartum pain, colic,
digestive ailments, liver problems and as kidney medicine.The fresh gum was rubbed on the eyelids to treat
snow-blindness.
oEffects: stimulant, sedative,
astringent, purgative, emetic, diuretic, antiseptic, and disinfectant.
·Primary
constituents: Tannins, volatile oils, resins, bitter alkaloids, and
glucosides
·Other uses:Ornamental- it produces flowers over
a long period, even when the soil is poor and dry; young, sticky flower
heads can be used as chewing gum; leafless stems can be bound together to make
brooms.
·Contraindications:The herb is
contraindicated for patients with kidney or heart complaints. There may be
concentrated levels of selenium as it is a facultative selenium absorber.
Ayurvedic
Information:
·Taste/Energetics: determined by
several trials of decoction (tea) and dry taste test according to method
described in carak samhita
Rasa: moderately tikta(bitter),
hint of kshaya (astringent)
Virya:
Shita(cold)
Vipaka:
Katu (pungent)
·Prabhava: Gumweed has affinity for the
lungs and respiratory tract and skin. Treatment of bronchitis, asthma and
cough is the primary and most often mentioned medicinal use followed by
treatment of skin conditions (particularly inflammation by poison oak and
poison ivy).
·Srotamsi: (primary srotas indicated in
bold)
Prana vaha srotas-effectonlungs
and respiratory tract;stimulating, drying
expectorant; antispasmodic
Anna
vaha srotas-effect
on stomach-soothing for stomachache
Ambu
vaha srotas-diuretic
action; effect on kidneys and pancreas
Rakta vaha srotas-effect on liver and spleen; skin
conditions
Artava
vaha srotas-treatment
of menstrual disorders and STDs
Mutra
vaha srotas-effect
on bladder and kidneys; use as bladder and kidney medicine; diuretic
·Ayurvedic Uses:Gumweed's tikta rasa indicatesits benefit in
clearing heat, drying ama, benefitting
skin, clearing parasites from GI tract, supporting liver, and clearing
congestion from srotamsi. Its kshaya quality indicate drying mucus and
stopping leakage, tightens dhatus,
cleans mucous membranes, stops bleeding, stops diarrhea and coughs and heals
wounds. Its shita virya
indicates its use in "hot" and inflammatory conditions and shita herbs usually have an affinity for the stomach, kidneys and
bladder. The nature of katu vipaka
is to increase dryness, constipation and gas, reduce fertility, aid in reducing
kapha and can aggravate vata.
Gumweed
would probably be most helpful for kapha
andpitta
prakrutis as it is bitter and astringent and has special affinity for lungs
and skin. It may best be avoided in large doses by vata because of its rasa; however it may be a helpful medicine when
vata is involved as it is not so
extremely bitter and drying as to be vata
provoking when used in small doses and/or balanced with other herbs.
Generally it would be beneficial for kapharespiratory
congestion, pitta inflammatory
conditions and vata spasmodic
conditions in the lungs. It could be employed when any of the previously
mentioned srotamsi are
affected. It may be useful as an occasional tea for kapha and/orpitta-especially in the summertime and as a
medicinal tea for respiratory congestion, especially in the damp spring.
It might also be used as a salve or lotion for pitta type skin conditions, a blood purifier and liver cleanser or
as a poultice of dried flowers and leaves for swelling and inflammatory skin
conditions.
·Comparison with Western uses:
The classification of gumweed's rasa
and virya validate and align
themselves with its historical uses by Native Americans and in western
herbology: it was actually used for what the Ayurvedic classifications
indicate. Vipaka, however, is
unique to Ayurveda and in this case indicates the pungent qualitywho's
drying and kapha reducing
characteristics were still recognized and utilized in the western
treatments.
Generally
speaking, the western use of medicines is focused on treating a specific
ailment not necessarily considering the person in which that ailment occurs;
i.e. the same medicine may be prescribed for all people having a particular
condition. From an Ayurvedic perspective, medicines are prescribed taking
many factors into consideration such as prakruti,
vikruti, the severity of the illness etc. One medicine with similar
characteristics may be chosen over another because of this yukti (tailoring treatment to the individual). In addition,
synergistic combinations of medicines are used to enhance the properties of
each and to avoid complications of giving large doses of one medicine.
This being said, the prescription of Grindelia
squarrosa in an Ayurvedic context would be based upon the patient as a
unique individual.
Bibliography
(n.d.). Retrieved Jan. 2009, from USDA
Forest Service: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/grisqu/all.html
(n.d.). Retrieved Jan. 2009, from
Flora of North America: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416609
(n.d.). Retrieved Jan. 2009, from US
Dept. Of Agriculture NRCS Plants Database:
http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GRIND#
Frawley, M. T. (1988). Planetary Herbology. Lotus Press.
Hobbs, S. F. (2002). Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs. New
York: Houghton Mifflin.
Kindscher, K. (1987). Edible Wild Plants of the Prairie.
Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
Kindscher, K. (1992). Medicinal Wild Plants of the Prairie.
Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
Lad, D. V. (2006). Textbook of Ayurveda: A Complete Guide to
Clinical Assessment (Vol. II). Albuquerque: The Ayurvedic Press.
Lad, D. V. (2002). Textbook of Ayurveda: Fundamental Principles
of Ayurveda (Vol. I). Albuquerque: The Ayurvedic Press.
Moore, M. (1979). Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West. Santa Fe: The Museum of New
Mexico Press.
Pole, S. (2006). Ayurvedic Medicine: The Principles of Traditional Practice.
Elsevier Ltd.
The
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India
(Vols. I-V). (2004, 2007). New Delhi, India: CCRAS.
Two
buds and a Leaf: Poplar buds, grindelia buds and fig leaves. (n.d.). Retrieved Feb. 28, 2009,
from ryandrum.com: http://www.ryandrum.com/twobudsoneleaf.htm
Vasant Lad, D. F. (1986). The Yoga of Herbs. Lotus Press.
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved Jan. 2009, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achene
[1] An achene (also sometimes referred to as "akene" and
occasionally "achenium" or "achenocarp") is a type of
simple dry fruit
produced by many species of flowering plants. Achenes are
"monocarpellate" (formed from one carpel) and indehiscent (they do not open at maturity).
Achenes contain a single seed
that nearly fills the pericarp,
but does not adhere to it. In many species, what we think of as the
"seed" is actually an achene, a fruit containing the seed.
(Wikipedia)
Usnea sp. (possibly Usnea baileyi) (Photo credit: Arthur Chapman)
Author: Kourtney Nelson
Date: Dec 19 2008
Herbology class, Alandi Ashram, Boulder, CO
Instructor: Jane Bunin, PhD
INTRODUCTION
Usnea is a lichen genus that grows in high altitude
forests in Colorado. A lichen is a symbiotic relationship of a fungus and an
algae. The fungus provides the water and protection, and the algae provide the
food converted from the sun. Usnea is a widespread genera;
representatives can be found on most continents. Usnea is an interesting
native species, both for it's medicinal properties, and it's environmental
significance. For example, Usnea spp. is known for it's antibacterial properties, and can be used
for first aid in wild to staunch wounds. Interestingly, Usnea is very
susceptible to air born pollutants, and serves as an indicator species for
pollution in a forest ecosystem. The primary focus of this paper is the
medicinal uses of Usnea, as well as its possible place in Ayurvedic medicine.
HOW THE PLANT WAS CHOSEN
The process for choosing this plant was relatively simple. I
come across the lichen frequently during hikes in the high country. I became
interested in it's medicinal properties when a companion briefly described
them. After searching through various classical Ayurvedic texts on herbology,
as well the Yoga of Herbs, I found that this plant has not yet been described
Ayurvedically.
BOTANY AND ECOLOGY
Latin
Name: Usnea barbata & other spp.
Common
Names: Beard moss, hair lichen, old man's beard, tree moss, witch's broom
Kingdom
- Fungi, Division - Ascomycota, Class - Lecanoromycetes,
Order - Lecanorales, Family - Parmeliaceae, Genus - Usnea spp.
Morphology:
Usnea is a fruticose type lichen, characterized by freestanding
branching tubes (or papillae) of the thallus (or body). The color is
grey/green. The papillae can range in size from 2" to 3' (The species collected
for this project averaged 2"). The threads are coarse and dry, with a white
elastic thread like inner core (or hyphae). The central strand is surrounded by
a medulla and outer cortex. Usnea grows on the branches or trunks of trees
(mostly conifers in this region). The reproductive cycle of lichens is
complicated, involving asexual or sexual reproduction of both the fungi and the
algae (there is some variation among species, although the majority reproduce
asexually). The fruiting bodies are pale green.
Habitat:
Usnea grows in cool, damp forests on tree branches and trunks, such as
Apple, Douglas Fir, Oak, and Pines (1). The lichen is often found in hilly
regions, and moist open sites. Usnea is a cosmopolitan genus, with
representatives found on almost every continent, and contains at 600 different
species.
Time
of growth, flowering and fruiting (phenology): There is no specific time of
growth for Usnea. The fruiting body of the fungal component is pale green and
produce unicellular spores; the algae reproduce asexually within the
lichen.
Ecology:Usnea is a widespread genera.
However, like most lichen, Usnea is delicate and highly susceptible to
atmospheric pollutants and environmental changes; therefore, it is an important
indicator of air quality in the forest.
Closely
related species: Usnea could possibly be confused with a moss or
other lichens at first glance. To identify Usnea, gently pull apart the
papillae and look for the elastic white internal core; other lichens will
appear grey/green throughout. In addition, Usnea does not change color
throughout the growing season as other lichen species do.
MEDICINAL INFORMATION
Collection:
The mycelia (or threads of the thallus) are harvested.
Primary
Constituents: Usnic Acid - a potent antibiotic and antifungal agent. Usnic
acid works against gram-positive bacteria by penetrating the cell walls of the
bacteria, blocking ATP production. Contains mucilage, helpful in easing
irritating coughs. Edible and high in vitamin C, although it is very bitter so
not very palatable.
Preparation:
Tincture, tea, or powdered (tincture is more effective then tea). The herb does
not extract fully into water, when preparing a tea, break apart and begin
extraction with a small amount of alcohol first.
Physiological
Effects: Analgesic, antibacterial, antibiotic, antifungal, anti
inflammatory, anti parasitic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, anti tumor, antiviral,
bronchial dilator, expectorant, febrifuge, immune stimulant, vasodilator,
vulnerary, deodorant, candidicide, fungicide, parasiticide.
Medicinal
Uses: Effective with infections, especially those involving mucus
membranes. Usnea has a special affinity for the lungs and bladder. The
lichen has antibacterial and antifungal properties, and is specifically
effective against gram-positive bacteria such as strep and staph. Indications:
Bacterial infection, boil, bronchitis, Candida, Chlamydia, colds, cough, cystitis,
diarrhea, flu, dysentery, giardia, gonorrhea, hemorrhage, impetigo, infection,
inflammation, leucorrhea, lupus, mastitis, pleurisy, parasite, pharyngosis,
pneumonia, sinus infection, sore throat, staph infection, strep throat,
swelling, trichomonas, tuberculosis, urethritis, urinary tract infection, wart,
wound, yeast. Can be moistened and used directly on a wound.
From Stephen
Harrod Buhner's instructions from 'Herbal Antibiotics':
Usnea is only partially water soluble. To make the
strongest tea or decoction, grind the herb first, then add enough alcohol to
wet the herb, let it sit covered for 30 minutes, add hot water, and let steep
For disease prevention or immune stimulation: 1 teaspoon
(5 mls) herb in 6 ounces (177ml) hot water, steep 20 minutes; 2 to 6 ounces
(59 to 177 mls) up to 3 times a day. In acute conditions: up to 1 quart (1
litre) a day.
Treatments:
Impetigo, ringworm - topically apply tea, diluted tincture or paste. Eye
inflammation, mastitis- compress. Throat infection- gargle. Sinus infection-
throat spray. Candida, Chlamydia, leucorrhea, trichomonas- douche or sitz bath.
Other
Use: Used in soaps and deodorants for it's antibacterial properties. Also
used in diapers and menstrual pads due to its absorbent properties. Used in powders
for athletes foot. Indigenous peoples of Mexico use it to make a fermented corn
beverage.
Contraindications:
None listed. No known side effects, not reported to interfere with action of
common medications.
Ayurvedic Uses: Bitter- heals parasites, thirst, skin
disorders, fever, nausea, burning sensations, cleanses throat, drying, easily
digested. In excess depletes the tissues.Use for infections with
Pitta component, infections of the mucosal membrane, to fight krumi (parasites,
bacteria, fungi, yeasts), affinity for lungs and bladder.
REFERENCES
1.Bridgette Mars, 'The Desktop Guide to Herbal Medicine',
May 2007, Basic Health Publications
Haritaki is virtually synonymous with Ayurveda. In the opening chapter of the Chikitsasthan of Charak, the words haritaki and amalaki are mentioned even before the definition of chikitsa or therapeutics. Haritaki is sarvaroga prashamani: the pacifier of every disease. Haritaki has a specific anupan (accompanying substance) for each dosha.
For Vata, ghee
For pitta, mishri (rock candy)
For kapha, Lavana (salt).
Haritaki also has a specific anupan for each season--ritu haritaki or seasonal haritaki.
Addiction to sugar is a significant
cause of overweight, obesity, diabetes, dental caries, candidiasis and adrenal
deficiency. In addition, by lowering immunity, white sugar may contribute to
the incidence of cancer and acute and chronic infections. Although white sugar
as an addiction of choice affects all ages from infancy on, individuals born in
the 1950s are particularly susceptible, due to the prevalence of sweetened
infant formula at that period. All
types of agni may be involved in
sugar cravings, but the nature, consequences and management of sugar addiction
differs depending upon the agni type.
VishamAgni and Sugar
The individual with visham
agni has cravings for sweet, salty, sour, spicy and oily foods. They are
just as likely to indulge in tortilla chips and salsa, potato chips, French
fries and ketchup, salted peanuts or crackers as in sugar. To complicate
matters, manufacturers frequently include sugar in savory items such as crackers,
chips or peanut butter. Often, such individuals may realize that sweet baked goods
such as cookies upset their digestion. Instead, they will use M&Ms or
chocolate peanuts, seeking the combination of sweet, fat and crunch.
The impact of
white sugar on such an individual can be devastating to the adrenals. Vata-provoked clients with visham agni are prone to under-eating
and random meal plans. Breakfast could be a few Twinkies or a Power Bar in the
car on the way to work. Feeling hungry while at work, they may snack on chips,
crackers, doughnuts or whatever is in the office or the vending machine. After
a salad for lunch, they are hungry again by mid afternoon and begin consuming
chocolate and other munchies. By dinner time, they have no appetite left, having
wasted their available agni on junk
foods. Each time sugar is eaten, it stimulates an adrenal-type energy rush,
gradually leading to adrenal exhaustion, especially if combined with caffeine.
As the adrenals become increasingly exhausted, the urge to eat sugar grows
stronger, in response to the need to "get some energy". As much as sugar may be
a cause of overweight in other agni types,
itcan contribute to chronic
underweight in the person with visham
agni. Yet despite being underweight, the junk-food junkie may have more
toxic hard fat in the system than the pitta
with a chubby little belly.
A young woman with this agni condition
worked at a residential elder care facility. When at home, she followed a
strict diet of brown rice, steamed vegetables and carrot juice. At work, she
indulged in big portions of lasagna and stacks of Oreo Cookies. After
explaining to her that there was in fact nothing wrong with lasagna for her
constitution, we encouraged her to stash healthy treats at the elder care
facility, so that Oreo Cookies would not tempt her.This strategy works well for both visham agni and tikshnagni. Creating a stash of suitable treats made
with whole sugars or other natural sweeteners gives an outlet for the desire
stimulated by the presence of poor quality sweets.
A good remedy to balance sweet cravings for vata can be prepared using Ashwagandha. Roast an ounce of
Ashwagandha in ghee and add a tablespoon of date sugar. Store in a screw top
glass jar in the refrigerator.This can be eaten in the morning about twenty minutes before breakfast,
in the mid afternoon-- if sweet cravings arise-- and at bed time with a cup of
hot milk. To help reduce the stress
levels that exacerbate sweet cravings, tulsi tea can be used as a general
beverage or Tranquil Mind formula
can be taken three times daily. For adrenal exhaustion, Stress Ease can also be taken.
Tikshnagni
and Sugar
The individual
with tikshnagni craves sweet, bitter
and astringent foods. A sugary cup of black tea satisfies the desire for a
mixture of sweet with astringent, a cup of sweet latte or a rich dark chocolate
meets the need for a mixture of sweet and bitter. Unfortunately, caffeine and
white sugar provoke pitta, intensifying
tikshnagni. Thus, the more the pitta individual indulges in white
sugar, coffee, tea and supermarket chocolate, the worse their tikshnagni becomes and the more strongly
they crave sweets. Next, they begin to crave yeasted breads and sweet baked
goods in an attempt to diminish their raging inner fire. Yeast, being sour, further
provokes pitta, worsening tikshnagni.People with tikshnagni
need extra protein, a slower burning fuel. Thus the empty calories of muffins,
cookies, cupcakes and brownies only serve to make them hungrier. Soon they are
twenty to thirty pounds overweight while being essentially malnourished.
A fifty year
old real estate agent with a pitta prakruti
presented with a lifelong history of tikshnagni
and compulsive overeating. She came from an alcoholic family and had been an
active alcoholic herself for ten years, a typical finding with tikshnagni and sugar addiction. She had
a set of very strict diet guidelines that inevitably fell apart each evening.
Until that point each day she perceived herself as a person who ate healthily
and avoided dairy and processed flours. She took fruit for breakfast and
typically ate a business lunch with her clients. Feeling remorseful about the
size of her stressful lunch, she took only fish and salad for dinner. Like most
stressed out individuals with tikshnagni,
she began craving chocolate around four in the afternoon, but held back,
determined to be 'good.' By the end of her austere dinner she was ready to
spend the rest of the evening consuming chocolate, ice cream and cookies. She
was about forty pounds overweight.
Her troubles
each day began with her fruit breakfast. Although this may be a good strategy
for a healthy pitta with a tranquil
life, fruit was not advisable for breakfast given her tikshnagni and the competitive nature of her job, with its
stressful lunches. Instead of starting the day with the sweet taste, she could
begin with bitter.A half teaspoon
of Mahasudarshan in a teaspoon of honey works well for most people to diminish
cravings for breads and sweets. This can be followed, twenty minutes later, by
a breakfast containing protein. It is better to avoid a sweet breakfast
altogether in this situation and to start the day with a small but complete meal
such as a bowl of kitcheri and a whole wheat chapatti.
To regulate tikshnagni she could prepare Shatavari
Kalpa.Roast an ounce of Shatavari
with ghee and add a tablespoon of sucanat or turbinado sugar. This can be taken
mid-morning and mid-afternoon to prevent hypoglycemia and to regulate tikshnagni. For stress and addictive
tendencies she should drink Brahmi tea three times daily. She could also take Stress Ease three times daily.
Mandagni and sugar.
For the kapha individual
with mandagni, sugar addiction is
truly alife or death
situation. Waking sluggish and dull, kapha
seeks energy from a donut or sugary cereal with cold milk. Although this gives
a short burst of adrenal energy, these foods, to which a majority of
individuals with mandagni are
allergic, serve only tomake him more
sluggish and sleepy. Worse still, in kapha
individuals, the insulin response is easily over stimulated. Whereas
vata will burn all the sugar they
consume in a frenetic rush of adrenal energy, kapha's body will immediately respond by storing sugar as fat.
Gradually, the pancreas becomes more and more oversensitive, leading to a
peri-diabetic condition of obesity, low energy and constant cravings for sweets
and refined flours. White sugar and refined flour do not contain enough
chromium for their own metabolism and thus deplete the body of chromium,
essential to metabolism and to the functioning of the pancreas. Continued over-consumption
of such refined foods will tip the kapha individual
from peri-diabetes to diabetes proper, complete with retinopathy, neuropathy,
arterial disease and diabetic ulcers. This is truly a high price to pay for a
bowl of cereal and a Snickers Bar a day.
A forty year
old financial planner had reached a level of mandagni so severethat not only wheat, dairy and sugar but even brown rice
made him nauseated, tired, heavy and dull. He was sixty pounds overweight and
lived on an energy roller-coaster, consuming caffeinated soda and sugar to get
a burst of energy and then breads and cereal to calm him down. The breads made
him tired and lethargic, so then he needed sugar and caffeine, which wired him,
after which he needed more bread. In a few short years, if he did not change
his ways, he would be diabetic.
He could be helped by taking a teaspoon of Shardunika after
each meal or Sweet Ease formula
three times daily. This would help balance his insulin secretion and reduce his
craving for sweets. As with tikshnagni,
a morning dose of Mahasudarshan would help with his craving for breads. Ten
minutes before each meal he could take a half teaspoon of organic turmeric
powder to aid in balancing the blood sugar load from that meal. To help reduce
weight and kindle agni, he could use
Trikatu. For stress he could take Bacopa tea three times daily or Mental Clarity formula, which would
help with the sluggishness and lethargy that drove him to drink Pepsi-Cola.
In accordance with the basic principles of Ayurveda,
although white sugar is a poison for all three doshas, its use must be handled very differently depending upon agni type. It is essential, as we have
seen, to provide dietary counseling and to offer appropriate stress- reduction
strategies, as sugar consumption is a manifestation of mental stress and a
cause of physiological stress. Because of the importance of stress in the
overall picture, it may often be wise to begin the treatment program with the
appropriate stress-reducing herbs and to hold the other suggestions for a later
appointment.
In working with addicted patients, the practitioner must
be clear not to be an enabler, helping the addict to have an easier time while
he or she continues to pursue a self destructive lifestyle. In the next few
editions of the Vine, we will offer a series on working with addictions.
Social
acceptance has for long dogged efforts to reduce the incidence of smoking.
Today, with an appreciation of the harmful effects of second hand smoke, social
acceptance of smoking is finally giving way to widespread efforts to limit
smoking, with even such unlikely venues as restaurants in Italy and pubs in
Ireland banning smoking.
Cigarette
smoke leaves tarry deposits on the lungs. The pink, elastic lung tissue becomes
stiff and blackened, losing its elasticity and oxygen exchange potential,
eventually leading to obstructive airway disease. Vata individuals are particularly prone to dry cough, raspy throat,
poor circulation and peripheral vascular disease as a result of smoking.
Smoking also reduces their appetite leading to visham agni and underweight. In the worst case, smoking can lead
to gastric ulcers. Pitta individuals
are the most likely to suffer from smoking-induced heart disease and
hypertension, while sinus problems, post-nasal drip, chronic bronchitis and
emphysema will affect kapha
smokers.Lung cancer or increased
incidence of bladder cancer may affect all doshas.
In
working with a smoker, it is essential to address the underlying cause of the
addiction. Vata smokes out of nervousness and pitta out of self-hate and self-destruction, but it is kapha who is the most vulnerable to the
emotionally suppressive effect of smoking. Kapha
uses smoking as a strategy to suppress deep-seated grief, which is held in the
lungs. Other doshas may also adopt
this strategy if they have been subjected to great grief, such as bereavement.
Hence in seeing a smoker it is important to take a full emotional history
including all childhood traumas as well as more recent events.
Because
of the enabling issue, it is often best to offer minimal herbal support to the
smoker initially. The best tactic is to explain to the smoker all the ways in
which their habit is causing their current health concerns. As well as direct
effects of smoking listed above, this also includes the indirect effects that
result from provocation of the doshas
as a result of the smoking habit, which falls into the category of prajnaparadh or crimes against innate
wisdom.The smoker should then be
offered herbs such as Brahmi to help address the underlying grief, depression
or anxiety. In addition, appropriate counseling should be recommended to deal
with childhood or recent traumas.
Vata must be spoken to very
gently, as if one were trying to coax a child. Discourage vata from quitting smoking suddenly, as this will lead to immense vata provocation. Also, smoking is a
habit that is all too easy to quit--again and again. Slow steady, sustainable
changes are best. It is wise to follow the Ayurvedic tobacco withdrawal
protocol outlined below. Pitta should
be reasoned with. It can be helpful to have materials in your office showing
the difference between a smoker's lungs and a non-smoker's lungs. Encourage pitta to get online, do the research and
appreciate the immense risk they are running. Appeal to their pride,
encouraging them to access their will power and help them to see how quitting
smoking will help them succeed in their goals in life. As for kapha, threaten them with the dire
consequences of continuing to smoke. Point out how their lung pulse looked. If
there are two doshas present in the
lungs it is imperative to tell them that they are already developing
obstructive airway disease.All
too often, kapha will quit smoking
only after a life-threatening bout of pneumonia.
Awareness
is the greatest tool in dealing with smoking. Conscious smoking is the first
step in quitting. In conscious smoking, the patient agrees to smoke only when
they are not doing anything else at the same time. Instruct them to smoke as a
meditation, bringing awareness to their thoughts, feelings and body sensations
before, during and after smoking. This can result in some amazing discoveries.
One patient reported that she realized she was trying to kill herself by
smoking, another said that he became aware of the grief over his mother's death
that he was suppressing by smoking.
As
soon as the individual is ready to begin the process of releasing their habit,
they can begin the tobacco withdrawal protocol. A typical Ayurvedic smoking mix
and client handout is shown below.
Smoking Mixture
30% red
clover
30% calamus
root--ground, not powdered
10-15% marshmallow root
5-10% osha
root--broken up well
5%mullein
"If you are trying to cut out tobacco, start out with 60%
herbal mixture, 40% tobacco, then gradually cut down the amount of tobacco
weekly.
You need to buy rolling paper and roll your own
cigarettes.
This mixture is rejuvenating for the lungs and clears the
mind and sharpens concentration."
It is important to explain to the client from the outset
that herbs can be given to rejuvenate the lungs, balance the doshas and address their current health
concerns, but that these herbs will not be effective as long as the smoking
habit is continued. In particular, lung rejuvenatives should not be given until
tobacco smoking has stopped. Healthy lung tissue cannot be built until smoking
is discontinued. Once the client has stopped smoking, lung rejuvenatives are
essential. Liquorice is a good choice to help with lung rejuvenation as well as
raspy throat and pre-ulcerative conditions of the stomach or duodenum.
Punarnava helps strengthen the lungs and is also anti-cancer in traditional
usage. Ideally, first carry out the tobacco withdrawal, then give some shamanam herbs to begin to balance the doshas. Next give cleansing herbs in
preparation for pancha karma and
carry out a thorough cleanse.Although vaman, therapeutic
emesis, is a far from popular process, it will be invaluable for kapha in the process of recovering from
smoking. Once pancha karma has been
done, there is the optimum situation to rejuvenate the lungs using Chyavanprash
as well as the herbs discussed above. It takes as year or so of not smoking to
return the lungs to the pink, clean condition of a non-smoker. Hopefully,
pancha karma and rasayana could greatly accelerate this process.
Pranayama is
another beneficial process that should be commenced only after quitting
smoking. Especially when someone is healing from pneumonia, asthma or
obstructive airway disease, it is imperative for them to learn to breathe
properly, filling the lung bases and bringing air all the way into the upper
lungs. In addition, surya namaskar
and chest-opening asanas such as
cobra and camel pose will be of great benefit in healing the lungs and
restoring a normal breathing pattern.Finally, the root cause of the smoking habit can be best
addressed by a meditation practice, with a focus on basic mindfulness and
breath awareness. A practice such as the Empty Bowl Mediation taught by Dr
Vasant Lad is ideal in bringing in a more refined awareness of the breath and
That which lies beyond breath.
In previous issues of The Vine, we have discussed working
with smokers and with pot smokers. In this issue, we will look at the much more
difficult issue of working with alcoholics. In a typical Ayurvedic practice, we
are unlikely to see the flagrant, rock-bottom alcoholic--unless one of our
clients relapses after being sober for some time. Alcoholism is difficult to
work with because it is so often covert. For purposes of this discussion, we
will consider anyone who uses alcohol on a regular, daily basis as, at the very
least, a mild alcoholic. Try a simple test--tell them that their Ayurvedic herbs
will not be effective a long as they are using alcohol on a regular basis. The
defensiveness and denial with which your suggestion that they give up alcohol
is met will soon tell you of the hold the substance has over them.
When a patient
fails to improve despite appropriate treatment, if may be worthwhile to
consider whether they are a closet alcoholic and are hiding this obstacle to their
healing from you. One client we saw insisted that he has stopped his daily wine
habit, yet failed to make progress with his complaints of hyperacidity and
indigestion. Growing impatient with his lack of improvement, he sought out
other practitioners, with no greater success. It was his wife, also a client,
who alerted us to the fact that both of them were still drinking on a daily
basis. Another patient failed to improve on her Ayurvedic regimen and had not
admitted to any substance issues. The only indication of her alcoholism was a persistent
habit of being late for her appointments or canceling at the last minute as
well as a tendency to be sometimes warm and sometimes extremely cold and
unapproachable.
Another tricky group of alcoholics are the sporadic users or
binge alcoholics. These individuals may be sober during the week and drunk on
the weekend or refrain from alcohol for extended periods of time, punctuated by
bouts of intense binging. In this group of users, denial runs rampant, since
they are always "sober" between binges. Yet, difficult as it may be, it is
essential for the individual to admit their addiction, to themselves and to
you, in order to start on the road to recovery.
Alcoholics who are on Antabuse offer a particular challenge
to the Ayurvedic practitioner. We recommend that Ayurvedic herbal regimens be
given to such individuals only by an Ayurvedic physician with a good grounding
in Allopathic pharmacology or an Ayurvedic practitioner who is also a medical
doctor. Herb-drug interactions are extremely complex and understanding them
requires a knowledge of Pharmacodynamics--the science of how drugs and herbs are
transported, distributed, metabolized and excreted. However, such clients can
be helped by ancillary therapies such as diet and lifestyle counseling, abhyanga, shirodhara,marma point massage using Sandalwood
oil, and herbal dusting.
The people most likely to be drawn to alcoholism are of
course pitta individuals, although kapha may be strongly attracted to beer.
Pitta seeks out alcohol to alleviate
stress and tension. It is the quest of the mood altering effect that marks the
difference between a harmless use and an addiction. It is particularly
important to appreciate that pitta individuals
suffering from depression or manic depressive disorder may self-medicate with
alcohol.
In general,
Ayurvedic therapies will not be successful until the client is sober, as
attempts to balance the doshas cannot
be effective when a prajnaparadh, or
crime against Ayurvedic wisdom, continues. Thus, as a rule, it is important to
emphasize that sobriety is a precondition for Ayurvedic treatment. "You want to
be rid of your allergies? Please return when you are ready to quit alcohol, and
than we can definitely deal with your allergies."
The patient in question waited three months before returning
to announce, "I'm sober. Now let's work on the allergies." However, in the case
of the person self-medicating for depression or manic depressive disorder, it
is usually necessary to institute treatment for depression prior to withdrawal
of alcohol. This can be approached by giving Brahmi tea one teaspoon per cup
three times daily or by using Mental
Clarity Formula. This formula lends itself well to work with alcoholics
since it contains not only Brahmi and Bacopa but also Shankhapushpi, an
important liver herb which is also effective for depression.
For anyone who has used alcohol to the point of being blind
drunk or having blackouts, the esoteric aspect of Ayurveda points to the danger
of bhutas or elementals which may
have attached to the aura ofduring the episode of near-unconsciousness. Such energies may impact the
individual's ability to reform and engage in genuine recovery, since it is in
the interests of the energy for the alcoholism to continue. A simple way to
remove bhutas from the aura is to mix
Shankhapushpi in ghee and burn it in the presence of the affected individual.
If the client concerned might think that talk of bhutas is hocus-pocus, they can be told, accurately enough, that
Shankhapushpi smoke is a good remedy for depression and addictions.
As soon as the client has embarked on a course of sobriety,
an Ayurvedic detoxification program should be instituted. For two weeks, the
client should eat kitcheri for lunch and dinner, accompanied by a sabji(cooked vegetable dish) of carrots,
beets, daikons and bitter greens, seasoned with cumin, turmeric and cilantro.
Abundant cilantro should be used to balance the dish for pitta. For breakfast
and mid-afternoon snack they should have juice of carrot, beet, daikon,
cucumber and cilantro. The amount of beet and daikon used in the juice should
be small relative to the other ingredients, to avoid provoking pitta. Each morning, they should take a
half teaspoon of Mahasudarshan mixed in honey, followed by warm water, or, if
preferred, Mahasudarshan tablets. This should be taken at least twenty minutes before
breakfast. At bed time they should take half a teaspoon of Triphala steeped for
ten minutes in boiling water and strained. If Triphala tea is not well
tolerated, Amlaki tea or tablets can be substituted. This detoxification program is not only effective in
cleansing the liver; it is also dramatic enough to signify a passage to a new,
sober, life.
Following the detoxification program, it is essential to
rebuild the liver. Liver Formula,
which includes cleansing herbs such as Musta and Manjista, hepato-protectives
such as Kutki and liver rejuvenatives such as Bhringaraj, is an ideal choice
for this situation. An excellent anupan to
ensure the optimum effectiveness of Liver Formula is Aloe Vera, two tablespoons
with each dose of Liver Formula. Mahasudarshan can be continued for up to a
month after the detoxification program. If the client has a "beer belly" or has
gained excess weight as a result of the alcohol habit, Trim Support could be used after a six week course of Liver
Formula.For those who have been
heavy users of alcohol, a peri-diabetic condition may be observed, including
weight gain, blood sugar swings and sweet cravings. In this case, Sweet Ease can be used along with Trim
Support, or an individualized formula can be prepared using herbs such as
Shardunika to regenerate the pancreas, Turmeric to balance blood sugar and
Chitrak to kindle agni and improve
metabolism. Brahmi tea or Mental Clarity formula can be continued for some
months if mood swings or depression are an issue. In some cases, alcoholism may have led to periodontal
disease. This can be managed with organic sesame oil mouthwash.
Pancha Karma will
be of great value for the recovering alcoholic, but timing is an important
consideration. Unless the alcoholism was extremely mild, it is often wise to
wait at least six months before initiating pancha
karma. This gives the individual time to become stable in their sobriety.
Nothing is more dangerous than an alcohol relapse during or immediately
following pancha karma. Typically, Pitta Massage Oil could be used for abhyanga in this situation. If alcoholic liver damage is an issue,
the client will not be able to do internal oleation. In this case, Panchamrit
can be substituted for the usual internal oleation. Amlaki is the best
substance for virechan and Guduchi
for basti in this case.
Panchamrit Recipe
½ bowl fresh homemade yogurt
1
tsp honey
1
tsp turbinado sugar
1
tsp tulsi power
2
Tbsp lukewarm milk
1 tsp ghee
Alcoholism arises from a state of depression, emptiness,
meaninglessness or stress. Hence it is important to introduce stress-reducing
practices such as yoga and pranayama
and to encourage pursuit of meaning through meditation and selfless service. Nurturing
lifestyle practices are necessary to fill the empty space left by the alcohol.
For example, marma point aromatherapy
can be done using Champa or Jasmine attar, while for diffusion aromatherapy Sandalwood
oil can be used. A bed-time foot massage with
Bhringaraj oil or coconut Brahmi oil, a cup of warm milk
with cardamom and cinnamon or a dose of Stress
Ease with some soothing rose and coriander tea can replace an alcoholic
"nightcap". The former weekend alcoholic can substitute a weekend
self-nurturing routine such as abhyanga and
shirodhara.
Continuous support from the Ayurvedic practitioner is
essential in the process of recovery. This should be supplemented by attendance
at Alcoholics Anonymous or by individual counseling. Through herbal therapies
and pancha karma the physical and
mental aspects of detoxification and recovery can be effectively addressed,
while through subtle therapies and rejuvenation practices, the client can be
helped to fill the inner void and find new meaning in life.
When I was a child, a popular programme on
BBC radio was Desert Island Discs, a
show in which various celebrities chose the ten gramophone records they would
want to have when marooned on a desert island. I have often amused
myself picking my ten Desert Island
Herbs, and Punarnava is certainly among them. The name Punarnava means,
quite literally, the Renewer, for local tribal folk observed that the dead, dry
plant would spring again to new green life. On the theory of signatures, they
took this to mean that the plant was rejuvenative--a fact now supported by
rigorous scientific research.
Punarnava, boerhaavia diffusa in Latin, is known in English as Spreading
Hogweed. It is an abundant weed, found growing in poor soil and native to both
India and Brazil, where it is known as Erva tostão. It belongs to the Four
o'clock family or Nyctaginaceae. The flowers are red, pink or white in colour.
Supplies of Punarnava are often contaminated with a similar looking white
flowered plant of the trianthema species, which does not contain punarnavine.
For this reason, it is essential to be sure of obtaining certified organic Punarnava,
as this will have a more reliable potency. Rasa
is sweet and bitter, virya is
heating and vipak is pungent. It reduces
vata and kapha and may stimulate pitta
in excess, though modest amounts will reduce pitta through sweet rasa.
Active chemical components include flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids,
triterpinoids, lipids, lignins, carbohydrates, proteins and glycoproteins. Some
of the most important active components include puranavine and punarnavoside.
Punarnava is a folk medicine and super-food
as well as a classical Ayurvedic Rasayana. In India, it is used by traditional
tribal healers in Chhattisgarh, Bagbahera and Pithora regions. Healers apply
Punarnava to the vagina to hasten delivery and also tie the roots, wrapped in
red cord, around the woman's waist. They also apply Punarnava mixed in whey to
breast abscesses. For eye sties they use Punarnava mixed in ghee, and for
conjunctivitis, Punarnava in honey. They make Punarnava oil with Nirgundi to
ease arthritic aches and pains. The Bhil tribal folk use Punarnava roots for
blood dysentery. Country folk
plant Punarnava in their gardens to repel poisonous snakes and scorpions and in
West Bengal and Assam, Punarnava leaves are eaten as a potherb and are
understood to prevent renal calculi. In other areas, the entire plant,
including the root, is eaten in curries and soups, while the seeds and roots
are used in cereals and pancakes.
In South America, Erva tostão or Punarnava
has long been used by traditional healers for maladies of the liver and
kidneys.
In Ayurveda, Punarnava acts on the rasa, rakta and mamsa dhatus.It is used as a rasayana
for lungs, heart, and kidneys as well as a diuretic, expectorant, and
anti-diabetic. It reduces lung and peripheral oedema, is anti-rheumatic in
painful and swollen joints, improves renal function, breaks up renal calculi,
and isvaluable in nephrotic
syndrome. As a bronchodilator and expectorant it is used in congestive cardiac
failure, chronic bronchitis, bronchectasis and plural effusion. As an eye
medicine, it is used in glaucoma and night blindness. Punarnava is frequently
cited in the texts.Dhanvanthari Nighantu states,
"Punarnava is bitter and heating. It is
drying. It checks Kapha. It is useful in the treatment of diseases with
swelling, anaemia, heart diseases, cough, blood spitting, and colic."
In skin diseases, a
paste of the root with dadhimanda (water
floating on curd) is used topically. (Chikitsa-Ch.
7. Charaka.) In urinary calculus, Punarnava decoction is recommended. (Chikitsa-Ch. 7. Sushruta). Sushruta
also recommends milk boiled with Punarnava in fevers, and application of
Punarnava paste in swelling of the testicles. In eye diseases, Bhavprakash
says,
"With milk in itching
of the eyes, with honey in discharges, with ghee in white patches, with oil in immature
cataracts, with rice washing water in night-blindness, Punarnava is useful in
eye diseases."
In nephrotic oedema, a
tea is made with Punarnava, ginger, khus and vetiver. In night blindness, a cup
of cow's milk with a teaspoon of Punarnava is taken at bedtime. In enlarged
spleen use one teaspoon Punarnava with Aloe Vera gel. In congestive cardiac
failure give one teaspoon Punarnava and one teaspoon Arjun in honey.In oedema a paste of Punarnava can be
applied to the swollen areas. This is particularly useful in angioneurotic
oedema of the face and eyes due to an allergic reaction, since Punarnava is
anti-histamine and anti-inflammatory as well as reducing swellings. In itchy
allergic eye conditions, bathe the eyes with Punarnava eyewash and in glaucoma
use Punarnava eyedrops twice daily.
In asthma, a teaspoon of Punarnava and half teaspoon Pippali
can be given in honey. In epilepsy Punarnava can be combined with Vacha and
Brahmi to reduce brain swelling and have an anticonvulsant effect. In allergic
rashes, mix Punarnava with ghee and honey. In urinary tract infection,
Punarnava tea is beneficial.
Compounds of Punarnava
include Punarnavadyarishta, Punarnava Mandura and Punarnava Guggulu. Punarnavadyarishta,
a medicated wine, is used in heart disease, anaemia, severe swelling,
splenomegaly, fever, anorexia, cough and numerous other conditions. (Chikitsasthanam
1237, Charaka). Punarnava
Mandura, containing iron, is especially valuable in anaemia though it is also
recommended for malaria, piles and intestinal parasites. (Chikitsasthanam 16
98, Charaka). More readily available in the US and of outstanding value is
Punarnava Guggulu. This is the most valuable herbal compound for kidney stones
and should be taken daily on a preventative basis by anyone with a history of
kidney stones. It is also useful for obesity, goitre, water retention,
glaucoma, diabetes and kapha type arthritis.
Punarnava has been
extensively researched, with findings backing up its traditional uses. It has
been demonstrated that punarnavoside is diuretic, (Gaitonde et al 1974)anti-inflammatory, (Bhalla et al 1968)
anti-fibrinolytic, (Jain and Khanna 1989)antibacterical (Olukoya et al 1993) and anti-convulsant ( Adesina 1979).
Punarnava has also been shown to behepatoprotective and choleretic, cardiokine, anti-cancer and
anti-oxidant. It should always be considered in Hepatitis C because it has
demonstrable hepato-protective action. Sony and Bhatt demonstrated
effectiveness of an herbal mixture containing Punarnava in entamoeba
histolytica (1995). It is also anti-fungal.
Pari and Sateesh
,2004, demonstrated the effectiveness of Punarnava in diabetes and its ability
to lower blood lipids in diabetes, as well as showing the antioxidant
impactthisherb has in diabetes.In cancer, Punarnava is anti-metastatic
(Leyon et al 2005), as well as cancer preventive.
This immensely useful
herb offers hope for many otherwise incurable or difficult to treat conditions
including cancer, diabetes, obesity, kidney stones, renal failure and hepatitis
C. It is also of great use in common conditions such as allergies and
conjunctivitis. Hence, Punarnava is near the top of my list of Desert Island Herbs.
Among the most celebrated Ayurvedic herbs
is Pippali, renowned for its benefits for the lungs but valuable in many other
capacities too. Literature on Pippali can be found in both classical texts and
contemporary peer reviewed journals. Pippali can be used in four capacities--as
a culinary spice of rare distinction, as a home remedy, as a powerful medicinal
herb and as a catalyst to potentiate the action of other herbs and drugs.
Pippali (piper longum,) is indigenous to India and Sri Lanka, although a
very similar plant is found in Indonesia. A member of the family piperacae, Pippali is a perennial
aromatic shrub. The flowers of
Pippali grow in spikes, which are harvested and dried to form the Long Pepper.
The root, Pippali Moola, is also a valuable herb widely mentioned in classical
texts.It is important to note that,
unlike cayenne pepper, and despite common misunderstanding, Pippali is not in the nightshade family and is
perfectly acceptable to those who are unable to tolerate nightshades.
Pippali has as pungent rasaand sweet vipak. Its virya is anushnashita--neither hot nor cold, a
fact the renders it invaluable for pitta.It contains volatile oil, alkaloids
piperin and piperlonguminine, terpenoids and N-isobutyl deca-trans-2-trans-4-dienamide,
a waxy alkaloid.
Pippali regulates sroto- agni of pranavahasrotas,
the respiratory tract. It acts as a bronchodilator, decongestant, expectorant,
and lung rejuvenative. In annavahasrotas,
the digestive tract, it also has powerful actions as carminative and deepan (agni kindler). Pippali kindles bhutagni
in the liver, improving liver function, and is a metabolic stimulant, aiding
the thermogenic response by increasing the level of thyroid hormone.
As a culinary spice, Pippali has been
celebrated for its unique combination of pungent and sweet. It was an essential
ingredient in Roman cooking and is used to this day in the cuisine of Morocco
and Ethiopia, where it is an ingredient in berebere,
a masala mix. Although its use in Indian cuisine has been replaced by the
much harsher cayenne pepper introduced by the Portuguese, it is still used in
certain traditional pickles.
As a home remedy, Pippali should be in
every winter medicine cabinet. As always, choice of anupan will determine which aspect of the action of Pippali will
predominate.A pinch of Pippali in
aloe vera gel will immediately relieve bronchospasm in an episode of bronchitis
or severe cough. The same recipe can also be used before meals to help with
intolerance to fats. In asthma, a quarter teaspoon of Pippali can be mixed in a
teaspoon of honey and taken three times daily after meals. For hyperacidity, a
quarter teaspoon of Pippali can be mixed with a half teaspoon of rock candy and
a half cup of room temperature milk. A pinch of Pippali with a teaspoon of
crushed rock candy is a good home remedy for hoarseness of the voice.
To enhance prana, a quarter teaspoon of Pippali can be mixed in ghee and taken
in the morning. As a rejuvenative home remedy in chronic fatigue, a quarter
teaspoon of Pippali can be taken daily with gritamadhu
(a combination of ghee and honey) (1). As a carminative, a quarter teaspoon
Pippali can be combined with a pinch of hing and a teaspoon of ghee and taken
after meals. In haemorrhoids, make a Pippali yoghurt drink. Combine two
tablespoons of yoghurt, a cup of pure water and a pinch of Pippali, blend
together and drink after lunch and dinner. In obesity, combine a pinch of
Pippali with a teaspoon of honey and drink in the mornings followed by hot
water, for enhanced thyroid function and fat burning.
In chronic cough, asthma and low agni,
Pippali milk can be used. Make a medicated milk by adding a quarter cup of
water to a cup of milk. Add a pinch of Pippali and cook back down to one cup.
Pippali is safe to use in pregnancy in small amounts. For asthma in pregnancy,
a small amount of Pippali can be taken, mixed in ghee. A medicated ghee can
also be made with Pippali, cooking a decoction of Pippali into ghee until all
the water is absorbed. This is an excellent remedy for healing lungs that have
been damaged by smoking.
As a medicinal herb, Pippali can be used to
heal and rejuvenate pranavahasrotas.
It is an excellent addition to any spring rejuvenative formula. As a powerful
herb, it should be used in smaller proportions in the formula. It combines well
with Punarnava in formulas for pranavahasrotas(respiratory conditions), with Shankhapushpi for chronic liver
disease, with Ashwagandha in fatigue conditions and with Guggulu in rheumatoid
arthritis.It is also of value in
anti-parasitical formulas.
In bronchial asthma, the famous Vardaman Pippali Rasayana can be used as
described in detail in Charak Samhita.
An increasing amount of Pippali is taken each day; with milk. Amounts of
Pippali and their rate of increase are determined by the strength of the
patient.Once a peak is reached
the amount of Pippali is slowly reduced each day (2). Meanwhile, a strict diet
is followed. For Westerners, tolerance of Pippali is lower. It is best to find
the point at which Pippali will cause hyperacidity, lower the dose to below
that level, continue at that level for a week and then slowly reduce the
amount.
There are a number of classical preparations featuring Pippali. These
include Trikatu, Sitopaladi, Talisadi, Pippali Asavam and Pippali Prash. All
these preparations make use of the powerful effects of Pippali on pranavahasrotas.
Recent research conforms the effectiveness of Pippali in a variety of
situations. Several have shown immunostimulatory and antigiardial effects of
Pippali (3). Pippali is similarly effective against entamoeba hystolytica. A 2006 study
published in the Journal of Phytomedicine shows that Pippali inhibits liver
fibrosis in animal studies. This provides support for the traditional use of
Pippali in alcoholic liver disease and chronic hepatitis(4)A.K Agarwal et al demonstrated the protective
effect of Pippali against gastric ulcers in rats. "The
antiulcerogenic effect seemed to be due to the augmentation of mucin secretion
and decreased cell shedding rather than offensive acid and pepsin secretion
which however, were found to be increased by them."(5). Pippali's anti-inflammatoryand analgaesic
effects may be equal to that of Ibuprofen, according to one animal study (6)."This
indicates that P. longum root has weak opioid but potent NSAID( non steroidal anti-inflammatory) type
of analgesic activity".
Another study demonstrated that Pippali is a useful anti-cancer agent. (7) "These
results indicate the potential use of spices as anti-cancer agents as well as
anti-tumour promoters." This study is very interesting in highlighting the
usefulness of Pipplai both to recovering smokers, at risk for lung cancer, and
to those with Hepatitis C, at risk for liver cancer.
Finally, in addition to its powerful effects as a medicinal herb in its own
right, Pippali is also valuable as a catalytic agent to potentiate the actions
of other herbs or drugs. The most important classical example of this usage of
Pippali is of course Chyavanprash. In this formulation, Pippali functions as a
catalytic agent to enhance the rejuvenative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and
lung infection-fighting capabilities of Amlaki, the chief herb in Chyavanprash.
Pippali has also been shown to enhance the effects of antibiotics. (8) In this
study, Pippali was found to be a phytochemical potentiator of Ciprofloxacin
against Staphylococcus aureus, a
common bacterium which can cause a variety of diseases including lung
infections. This study points to the usefulness of taking sitopaladi alongside
an antibiotic in serious bacterial infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia.
It is important to note that in certain situations, the potentiating effect of
Pippali may be dangerous in terms of herb-drug interactions. Neither Pippali
nor black pepper should be used in individuals taking the beta blocker
Propanalol, also known as Inderal, because piperine enhances the effects of
this drug, with potentially dangerous consequences. It is also important to
avoid Pippali when a patient is taking anti-coagulants.
Although Pippali is most famous for its rejuvenative impact on pranvahsrotas, ancient texts and
contemporary studies point to wide-ranging effectivenessof Pippali in respiratory, liver,
digestive, metabolic, parasitic and malignant conditions.In terms of Pippali's usefulness in pravavahasrotas, anti-infective,
anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and rejuvenative effects all synergize to create
outstanding effectiveness in infectious and degenerative lung and upper
respiratory diseases.
1. Chikitsasthan, Ch.1 v 32
2. Chikitsasthan, Ch.1 v36-40
3.
Tripati et al
Antigiardial and immunostimulatory effect of Piper longum on giardiasis due to
Giardia lamblia. Phytother Res. 1999
Nov;13(7):561-5; Agarwal et alManagement of giardiasis by a herbal drug 'Pippali Rasayana': a clinical
study.
4.Plant Products as
Antimicrobial Agents. Marjorie Murphy Cowan, Department of Microbiology, Miami
University, Oxford, Ohio 45056. Clin
Microbiol Rev. 1999 October; 12(4): 564-582.
5. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997 May; (3):233-6
6Phytomedicine. 2006 Feb;13(3):196-8.
Epub 2005 Jun 24. Inhibition of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by Piper longum
Linn. Christina AJ, Saraswathy GR, Robert SJ, Kothai R, Chidambaranathan N,
Nalini G, Therasal RL. Department of Pharmacology, KM College of Pharmacy, Uthangudi,
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.)
10.Inshad
Ali Khan, Zahid Mehmood Mirza, Ashwani Kumar, Vijeshwar
Verma, and Ghulam Nabi Qazi, Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy, February
2006, p. 810-812, Vol. 50, No. 2.
In this article, we will take a look at an extremely common
cause of shoulder pain: rotator cuff injuries. We will look first at the normal
anatomy and movements of the shoulder. Then we will consider the epidemiology
and Ayurvedic management of rotator cuff injuries.
The human shoulder is a remarkable piece of engineering and
one of the most mobile joints in the human body. Shoulder joints of different
species are adapted to a variety of functions, from flying in the case of avian
shoulders to quadripedal walking and running in the case of most mammals. Human
shoulders reflect both our phylogenetic heritage as tree-swinging primates
(arboreals) as well as the unique needs of our species such as spear throwing, tool
making and enhancing speech with gesture. "The dorsal position of a
highly-mobile scapula and the lateral orientation of the small, shallow glenoid
fossa articulating with a medially-directed large round humeral head open up a
nearly complete sphere of motion allowing the hand to be positioned almost
anywhere around the body." (1). The
shoulder is a complex of several joints, including the sternoclavicular joint,
acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral ball and socket joint (GH) joint, and
scapulothoracic (ST) joint or pseudoarticulation. These articulations work
together to carry out normal shoulder motion. The majority of motion occurs at
the GH and ST joints. (2,3).
Human shoulder joint movements include:
·Scapular retraction (squeezing the shoulder
blades together) using rhomboideus major and minor and trapezius
·Scapular protraction (as in hugging yourself)
using serratus anterior and pectoral muscles
·Scapular elevation (shrugging shoulders) using
levator scapulae and upper trapezius
·Scapular depression (slumping shoulders) using
pectoralis minor, latissimus dorsi and subclavius
·Arm abduction, lifting arms away from body to
90', (deltoid) followed by
additional upward rotation of scapula to raise arms above the head (trapezius,
serratus anterior).
·Arm adduction, first bringing arms back down to
90' via downward rotation of scapula using pectorals, subclavius and latissimus
dorsi; followed by true adduction, which additionally uses teres major and
deltoid.
·Arm flexion (reaching arm forward) using pectoralis
major, coracobracialis, biceps, deltoid
·Arm extension (pointing humerus backwards) using
latissimus dorsi, teres major, triceps and deltoid
·Medial rotation (turning upper arm in) using
subscapularis,latissimus dorsi,
teres major, pectoralis major and deltoid
·Lateral rotation (turning upper arm out) using
infraspinatus, teres minor, deltoid
·Circumduction (circular movement of arms up to
90') using pectoralis major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, biceps, supraspinatus,
deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres muscles, infraspinatus and triceps. (3).
Some authorities suggest that on leaving our arboreal
lifestyle, we fail to use our shoulder joint to full capacity, thus creating a
tendency to osteo-arthritis of the shoulder (4). If this hypothesis is true, it
provides a powerful justification for activities such as hatha yoga and chi
gong in maintaining shoulder joint health through movement. Elderly subjects
have been shown to have reduced shoulder joint movement after a lifetimes of
under-use of some movements and over-use of others (5).
The rotator cuff is composed of four muscles whose tendons
splay out and interdigitate to form a common, continuous insertion on the
humerus, providing stability to the shoulder joint (6). The four main muscles
of the rotator cuff are suspraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major and
subscapularis. Originating above the spine of the scapula, supraspinatus
inserts on the greater tuberosity of the humerus. As the deltoid abducts the
shoulder joint, supraspinatus fires to stablize the joint (7). Infraspinatus, originating below the
spine of the scapula, insets posteriorly on the greater tuberosity of the humerus
and, as stated above, asssists in lateral rotation. Teres minor, originating on
the lateral border of the scapular, inserts inferiorly on the greater
tuberosity of the humerus and as we have seen, is involved in lateral rotation.
Originating between the scapula and the ribs on the anterior surface of the
scapula, subscapularis inserts on the lesser tuberosity of the humerus and is
involved in medial rotation of the arm. However, although the rotator cuff
muscles are associated with the above-mentioned shoulder motions, it is
important to understand that their main function is to provide stability to the
GH joint by compressing the humeral head on the glenoid (8).
Rotator cuff injuries are common in all ages and range from
reversible tendinitis to massive tears involving supraspinatus, infraspinatus
and subscapularis. Repetitive overhead movements such as pitching in baseball
can cause rotator cuff injuries in younger people, or, less commonly, a trauma
such as a fall or car accident can tear the rotator cuff (9). Older patients
may present with a history of gradual onset of shoulder pain, with no clear
history of trauma and yet are often shown on MRI to have significant partial or
compete rotator cuff tears (10, 11). On cadaver studies, 39% of individuals
over sixty were found to have full-thickness rotator cuff tears with an even
higher incidence of partial tears (12). These injuries on elders are probably
due to age related degeneration and compromised microvascular supply (13,14).
The main symptoms of rotator cuff injuries are shoulder pain
and diminished range of motion; additional symptoms include weakness, swelling,
instability and popping of the joint. In elders, a significant rotator cuff
tear may present with insidious symptoms. Therefore, in patients over
sixty-five, passive and active shoulder range of motion should routinely be
examined, since rotator cuff injuries are prevalent in over a third of this
population. When active elevation is less than passive elevation, this points
to a rotator cuff injury.
Patients presenting with shoulder pain should have a full
check up with a medical practitioner before proceeding ahead with Ayurvedic
treatments for the rotator cuff. This is particularly important because both
angina pectoris due to iscaemic heart disease and myocardial infarction (heart
attack and its sequelae) are included in the differential diagnosis of shoulder
pain. Additionally, the nature and extent of the tear can best be determined by
imagining such as MRI.
While the most massive tears are usually referred for
orthopedic surgery, most rotator cuff injuries are managed by conservative
measures and can be addressed by systemic and localized Ayurvedic treatments. Therapy
must address the cycle of pain/underuse/loss of conditioning/ joint laxity.
First this cycle is broken by local and systemic measures to reduce
inflammation. Then the shoulder muscles can be ongoingly conditioned to sustain
maximum functioning.
For reducing
pain and inflammation, herbs, home remedies and Ayurvedic bodywork can be
applied. Anti-inflammatory herbs such as guduchi, kaishore guggulu, tulsi, turmeric
and licorice can be given orally to reduce inflammation, pain and swelling (15).
Anti-inflammatory home remedies include ginger tea and Trinity Tea (tulsi,
turmeric and ginger tea). Localized home treatments can be applied using
anti-inflammatory oils such as castor oil and mahanarayan tailam (15) prior to
a hot shower. Alternate hot and cold packs can also be given, using a bowl of
ice water, a bowl of hot mustard seed tea and two cloths. First a hot pack is
applied, then a cold pack, then hot, then cold for a counter-irritant impact.
Bath therapy can also be used, first massaging the shoulder with castor oil and
then taking a ginger-baking soda tub.
Many classical Ayurvedic body treatments can be applied to
the shoulder to reduce the pain and inflammation of a torn rotator cuff. Mardana
or pressure massage is recommended for snayugata vata or vata invading tendons
(16). After applying mahanarayan oil the therapist gives vijayamala hasta
(straight pressure massage on neck), viparita vijayamala hasta (oblique
pressure massage on neck), shaila hasta (massaging front of shoulder), dheera
hasta (circular massage on shoulder) and chakra hasta (rotary massage on
shoulder (17). Valuka sveda using a hot sand bag is helpful to alleviate pain
and swelling (18). Patrapinda sveda can be offered using leaves of datura,
abundant in the United States as Jimson weed or Angel trumpet. The datura
leaves are fried in oil and placed in muslin bags. Then mahanarayana oil is
applied to the shoulder the shoulder and the comfortable hot pinda packs are
massaged over the area. This treatment is effective for muscle and tendon
injuries (19). Nadi svedan therapy using localized steam medicated with
nirgundi is also extremely valuable in rotator cuff injuries (20). Taila dhara
treatments with mahanaryana oil can alos be applied locally to the shoulder
using the same setup as for shirodhara but adjusting the positioning (21).
After pain and inflammation have been managed, yoga therapy
can be employed to strengthen the shoulder and restore range of motion. A
qualified yoga therapist should perform this function. Improving posture,
especially with regard to thoracic kyphosis, is important in preventing rotator
cuff impingement. Modified dog poses against a wall help stabilize the scapula.
Cat Bow can be utilized to strengthen shoulder extensors (22, 23). Modified
cobra poses can be helpful in strengthen the rotator cuff, as can shoulder
shrugs and shoulder circles. Use of yoga therapy, physical therapy or Chi Gong
is a vital part of the care cycle, which necessarily involves both reduction of
inflammation and restoratio of range of motion.
As we have seen, rotator cuff injuries are extremely common
and require careful assessment. All but themost severe cases can be well addressed by a combination of Ayurvedic
treatment and skilled yoga therapy.
1. Grine FE, Fleagle JG, Leakey RE The First Humans: Origin and Early Evolution of the
Genus Homo Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthroplology Springer Science 2009
p 64
2.Codman EA. The Shoulder.
Boston, Mass: Thomas Todd; 1934.
4. Alexander CJ, Utilisation of joint movement range
in arboreal primates compared with human subjects: an evolutionary frame for
primary osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis
1994;53:720-725 doi:10.1136/ard.53.11.720
5.Chakravarty K, Webley M. Shoulder joint movement and its relationship to disability in the
elderly. J Rheumatol. 1993 Aug;20(8):1359-61
7. Steindler A. Kinesiology of Human Body Under Normal and
Pathological Conditions. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas
Publishing; 1984.
8.Wuelker N, Korell M, Thren K.
Dynamic glenohumeral joint stability. J
Shoulder Elbow Surg. Jan-Feb 1998;7(1):43-52
9. Neer CS 2nd, Welsh
RP. The shoulder in sports. Orthop Clin
North Am. Jul 1977;8(3):583-91.
10.Cailliet R. Shoulder Pain.
3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: FA Davis Publishers; 1991:42-6.
11. Baker CL, ed. Shoulder impingement and
rotator cuff lesions. The Hughston Clinic
Sports Medicine Book. Baltimore, Md: Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins; 1995:272-9.
12.
Bigliani LU, Morrison DS, April EW. The morphology of the acromion and its
relationship to rotator cuff tears. Orthop
Trans. 1986;10:228.
13.
Yamanaka K, Fukda H. Aging process of the supraspinatus tendon in surgical
disorders of the shoulder. In: Watson N, ed. Surgical
Disorders of the Shoulder. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone;
1991:247.
14.
hr JF, Uhthoff HK. The microvascular pattern of the supraspinatus tendon. Clin Orthop Relat Res. May 1990;254:35-8.
15.Singh
A, Malhotra S, Subban R Anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents from
Indian medicinal plants Int. J. Integ.
Biol., 2008,
3(1): 57-72
Last month,
we looked at easily curable conditions of prana vaha srotas as well as those
curable with difficulty.This month, we
will look at chronic (yapya) conditions of prana vaha srotas and also mention
briefly how to be aware of potentially fatal conditions.
One
extremely common yapya respiratory condition is chronic rhinitis, affecting as
many as 40% of the US population. One of the world's most common chronic
disorders, rhinitis affects the entire spectrum of life from infancy to old age
(1). Sushrut discusses thirty-one diseases of the nose, including Apinasa
(rhinitis) and pratishaya (nasal catarrh)(2). Apinasa is classified as a
disease of vata and kapha (2). Pratishaya with dryness, hoarsenss, temporal
headache and nasal obstruction arises from Vata (3), with thirst, yellowish
nasal discharge and a feeling of hot smoky breath, pitta is involved (4) and
with thick white or yellowish catarrh, swollen eyes, heaviness and itchy throat
and palate, kapha is implicated.
From a modern standpoint, classification of rhinitis
is less based on clinical presentation and more on etiology. Rhinitis is either
allergic or non-allergic. Allergic rhinitis results from IgE reactivity to both
outdoor, seasonal allergens such as pollens and indoor allergens including
moulds, house dust and animal dander. It is often associated with another
chronic condition of prana vaha srotas, asthma. (See http://www.alandiashram.org/school/school_html/reviews/bronchial_asthma.html
for a previous Vine discussion of asthma). While allergic rhinitis is common in
infants, children and young adults (5), non-allergic rhinitis becomes
increasingly prevalent in older adults and is more common in women (1).
Although there are many etiologies of non-allergic rhinitis, some of the most
common include chronic sinusitis, allergic fungal sinusitis, eosinophilic nasal
polyps (6) and deviated nasal septum.For
an in depth treatment of chronic sinusitis and allergic fungal sinusitis see archived
Vine article http://www.alandiashram.org/school/school_html/reviews/chronic_sinusitis.html.
Irritants such as dust, smoking and household cleaning agents can cause or
contribute to rhinitis, as expressed by both Madhava and current medicine (7,
8). Hormonal causes of non-allergic rhinitis include pregnancy, menstruation,
puberty and hormone replacement therapy as well as hypothroidism (8).
As we review
the various ways of classifying rhinitis, we can see that the Western medicine
classifications are more useful in terms of Western treatments. For example,
allergic rhinitis would respond to anti-histamines whereas other kinds will
not. By the same token, Sushrut's symptom based classification is more useful
for Ayurvedic treatment since it points to the dosha involved and hence to the
appropriate therapies.
Patients
with chronic rhinitis frequently present for Ayurvedic treatment as an
alternative to steroidal and non-steroidal nasal sprays and systemic antihistamines.
Indeed, the persistent nature of this condition has led doctors, as well as
patients, to look 'outside the box' for adjuvant therapies. As an example, a
friend of mine recently visited National Jewish Hospital in Denver, one of the
premier respiratory hospitals, only to be told to increase his use of the nasal
rinse cup from once to twice a day! A number of studies have been done,
demonstrating the effect of jala neti or saline irrigation using a nasal rinse
cup. As one abstract puts it, "The use of nasal irrigation for the
treatment of nose and sinus complaints has its foundations in yogic and
homeopathic traditions. It is often prescribed as an adjunct to other
treatments such as intranasal steroids or antibiotics. ...This review summarises the
evidence for the effect of saline irrigations in the management of the symptoms
of chronic rhinosinusitis. There is evidence that they relieve symptoms, help
as an adjunct to treatment and are well tolerated by the majority of patients.
While there is no evidence that saline is a replacement for standard therapies,
the addition of topical nasal saline is likely to improve symptom control in
patients with persistent sino-nasal disease....There are no significant
side-effects reported in trials."(9)
An earlier
study also indicated that "Endonasal irrigations with salt solutions are
effective in the treatment of chronic sinusitis," (10) and an Australian study
investigating nasal irrigation showed that neti, also known as nasal douche,
was more effective than nasal sprays or nebulizers and effectively reached the
maxillary sinuses and frontal recesses. The sphenoidal and frontal sinuses are
not easily reached by irrigation methods. (11).
While local use of oils and herbs in the form of nasya have
not been investigated to the same extent, some recent studies published by
Gujerat Ayurved University indicate that nasya therapies are effective in both
allergic and atropic rhinitis. Local (nasal) administration of herb via nasya was effective in giving
immediate relief of signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis and can best be
paired with longer acting systemic herbs such as turmeric. (12). Nasya is also
effective in atropic (non-allergic ) rhinitis (13).
Similarly,
in terms of asthma, there has been a search for adjuvant therapies for this
chronic condition. Steam inhalation, using natural mineral saline is one
valuable adjuvant. The Ayurvedic use of steam and herbal smokes for
administering medicines directly to the lungs is the precursor of today's
asthma inhalers (14). Yoga therapy is also valuable in managing asthma. "Forty six young asthmatics with a history of
childhood asthma were admitted for yoga training. Effects of training on
resting pulmonary functions, exercise capacity, and exercise-induced bronchial
lability index were measured. Yoga training resulted in a significant increase
in pulmonary function and exercise capacity. A follow-up study spanning two
years showed a good response with reduced symptom score and drug requirements
in these subjects. It is concluded that yoga training is beneficial for young
asthmatics." (15).
Herbal therapies of course are also effective for asthma,
including Boswellia (16) and kapi kacchu (17). Ayurvedic and yogic therapies
including neti, nasya, steam inhalation herbal smokes, yoga therapy and oral
herbs can be of tremendous use in enhancing quality of life for patients with
chronic prana vaha srotas conditions and reducing the amount of medications
they need to use.
With regard to fatal conditions of prana vaha srotas, lung
cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death both in the United
States and throughout the world (18). Ayurvedic practitioners as well as
primary care physicians should be highly suspicious in the case of any person
with a history of smoking who presents with cough, breathlessness or wheezing
or simply fatigue and malaise. A pneumonia or bronchitis may be more than it
seems as lung cancer may frequently present as pneumonia or bronchitis. Swift
referral for chest X ray is vital to avoid overlooking cancer. Patients with a
history of coal mining or working in or living near an asbestos plant should
also be treated with great caution in the event of a history of cough as they
too are susceptible to lung cancer. And of course, one should not forget
spouses of chain smokers, who may have been exposed to a lifetime of
carcinogenic second and third-hand smoke. Tridoshic disturbance of overall
vikruti, of the lung pulse or of the rasa dahtu pulse can lead the Ayurvedic
practitioner suspect lung cancer, although these same pulse findings may also
hold good in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
To give some examples, some years ago a fifty-year-old woman
presented with a non-specific complaint of "feeling unwell". She had never smoked
cigarettes, although she was a marijuana smoker. However, her husband was a
former chain-smoker. A few weeks later, she presented with cough and
breathlessness and tridoshic disturbance in her lung pulse. Suspecting
pneumonia, we referred her to her primary care practitioner, who diagnosed
bronchitis and sent her home with antibiotics.Days later she was admitted to hospital with for pneumonia and within
three months she had died of advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma.This story serves to remind us of how
nebulous the initial presentation of lung cancer may be.
A seventy five year old former smoker complained of chest
pain during winter and was diagnosed with pneumonia and put on antibiotics. Bronchoscopy
revealed Stage IV adenocarcinoma of the lungs and she presented for Ayurvedic
adjuvant therapy alongside her chemotherapy. She went into remission for some
time but recently, again in winter, developed cough and breathlessness and was
found to have a pleural effusion, which may be malignant in origin. This case
history too illustrates how difficult it is to diagnose lung cancer until a
late stage of the condition and how closely its symptoms can mimic typical
winter ailments.
Ayurvedic practitioners can facilitate considerable
improvements in quality of life for patients suffering from chronic conditions
of prana vaha srotas. When working with respiratory conditions, it is important
to take note of lung cancer risk factors and to be aware that this condition can
present as a typical winter chest infection.
1.
John W. Georgitis Prevalence
and differential diagnosis of chronic rhinitis Current Allergy and Asthma
Reports Volume 1, Number 3 / May, 2001
11.Peter-John Wormald, Tim Cain,
Lyndell Oates et al, A Comparative Study of Three Methods of Nasal Irrigation The LaryngoscopeVolume 114 Issue 12, Pages 2224 - 2227
12.Neha j Modha ,V.D. Shukla, MS Baghel Clinical
study of Anurjata Janita Pratishaya (allergic rhinitis) and comparative
assessment of nasya karma Ayur-vol 30 No 1 2009 47-54
14.Mark Sanders Inhalation
therapy: an historical review Primary Care Respiratory Journal (2007) 16(2): 71-81
15.S. C. Jain; L. Rai; A. Valecha; U. K. Jha; S. O. D.
Bhatnagar; K. RamEffect of Yoga Training on Exercise Tolerance
in Adolescents with Childhood Asthma Journal of Asthma,
Volume Issue 6 December
1991 , pages 437 - 442
17.
Mallaiah, GK | Thirupathi, K | Ganapaty, S | Rao, PT | Mohan, GK Phytochemical
and AntimicrobialStudies on the Seeds of Mucuna Monosperma DC Current Trends in
Biotechnology and Pharmacy. Vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 442-446. Jul 2008.
According to Vagbhat, "Prana vaha srotas' chief organs are
hridaya (the heart) and mahasrotas (alimentary tract), it gets vitiated by
dryness and depletion, suppression of thirst, hunger and other urges.
Respiration being increased, decreased, difficult or interrupted, accompanied
by pain or sound, are the chief signs of vitiation" (1). Nowadays the respiratory
tract is seen as synonymous with the marga
or pathway of pranavahasrotas, its root being in the left side of the heart,
which receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
Conditions of prana vaha srotas may occur in either the
upper or respiratory tract and may be either easily curable, curable with
difficulty, chronic incurable (yapya)
or fatal.
Easily curable conditions
of prana vaha srotas
Easily curable conditions of prana vaha Srotas include the
common cold, hay fever, pharyngitis and laryngitis as well as many forms of
influenza. Essentially these conditions fall into the category of abhaisaja sadhya or curable without
medicine, since they are typically self-limiting viral infections which resolve
within a few days to three weeks to allergies which dissipate when the allergen
is absent. However, it is advisable to treat these conditions for two reasons;
firstly, to help them resolve more quickly since they cause discomfort and
inconvenience and secondly, to prevent complications. Easily curable conditions
of prana vaha srotas may invade into deeper dhatus, as when rhinosinusitis
localizes into asthi dhatu to create
sinusitis proper. They may also move from the upper to the lower respiratory
tract to cause conditions such as bronchitis. And they may progress through the
stages of samprapti all the way to bheda,
to create a dangerous condition such as a lung abscess.
Easily curable conditions of prana vaha srotas can often be
managed with the use of home remedies, localized treatments and simple
Ayurvedic medicines.Provide your
patients with a checklist of products they should have on hand and ways to use
them.
Winter/Spring
Checklist
(If you are pregnant,
diabetic, have high blood pressure or are taking blood thinners, please consult
your practitioner before using these remedies)
Nsal Rinse Cup: use for colds, sinus infections and
allergies
Neem Soap: Use for hand washing especially during flu season
Natural mineral salt:
·Use in tub to relieve coughs and colds
·Use in neti pot for sinus conditions and
allergies
·Use with turmeric as gargle
·Use in steam for coughs
Turmeric:
·Use with hot water and salt as gargle for sore
throats
·Mix with honey and eat for allergies
·Use with ginger and tulsi as a tea for coughs,
colds and flus
Tulsi:Use with
ginger and turmeric as tea for coughs, colds and flus
Ginger:
·Use with
turmeric and tulsi as a tea for coughs, colds and flus
·Use with baking soda in tub to promote sweating
and relieve aches
Licorice: Use as tea for sore throat
Sitopaladi: Use for coughs, colds and flus, half a teaspoon
three times daily.
Chyavanprash: Take to aid recovery after colds and flus; or
as a preventative to support immunity
Conditions of Prana
vaha srotas curable with difficulty
Many acute conditions of prana vaha srotas fall into the bhaisaja sadhya (curable with medicine)
category. They can be cured completely but require the intervention of a
practitioner to avoid serious complications or even the onset of
life-threatening situations. One example is tonsillitis. Once the upper
respiratory infection localizes in the tonsils, it may progress rapidly to the
vyakti stage, with visibly enlarged and inflamed tonsils. The tonsils and
tonsillar fauces (the passage from the mouth to the pharynx) may show either vesicles
or yellow spots. Typically vesicles
indicate a viral tonsillitis, which usually resolves harmlessly, whereas a high
fever, thickly coated tongue and yellow dots may point to a streptococcal
throat infection (colloquially known as strep throat). Strep throat may have
serious complications at the bheda level ranging from abscessed tonsils to septicemia,
organ failure and death. Long-term complications of untreated streptococcal
infections may include rheumatic fever (ama
vata), rheumatic heart disease and renal disease (glomerulo-nephritis). Use
a surgical mask when examining the throat with a tongue depressor. Tonsillitis
should be referred to the primary care physician for a throat swab to determine
whether there is a streptococcal infection. If so, antibiotics will be
prescribed and Ayurvedic herbal therapies can be resumed after completion of
the course of antibiotics. Ayurvedic herbs that are active against
streptococcus include turmeric (2), ginger (3), and tulsi (4), rendering
"Trinity Tea" -turmeric, tulsi and ginger--a good combination for strep throat
as well as for viral tonsillitis. For added effectiveness, neem can also be used
(5). Mahasudarshan will help clear Ama from the system, as will triphala. After
the langhana phase of clearing toxins, Chyavanprash can be used to rejuvenate
prana vaha srotas.
Another condition of prana vaha srotas classified as
difficult to treat is pneumonia. Suspect pneumonia if a patient comes to you
complaining of cough, fever, fatigue, malaise and difficulty breathing. Take
careful notes of the respiratory rate. If it is elevated above the normal rate
of 15 breaths per minute (in adults), pneumonia may be suspected and a medical
referral made.Atypical pneumonia or
walking pneumonia may be more difficult to detect since its onset is insidious.
I t should be suspected in a patient with malaise and a worsening
non-productive cough.In general,
pneumonia will initially be managed with Western medical treatments such as
antibiotics and may possibly even require a hospital stay to manage respiratory
distress.The work of the Ayurvedic
practitioner will begin after the patient has been discharged and antibiotics
have been discontinued.
To give an example: Patient A is a sixty one year old pitta-kapha
woman (V1 P3 K3) with a previous history of smoking, who was admitted to
hospital with pneumonia following an overseas vacation where she was exposed to
a lot of second hand smoke. She spent 24 hours in intensive care for
respiratory distress and three additional days in hospital.After discharge and cessation of antibiotics
she sought out Ayurvedic support as she was still fatigued and coughing. She
was given a formula that included punarnava as dosha pratyanika (against the
dosha) for kapha, tulsi and pippali as vyadhi pratyanika (against the disease)
for cough and cinnamon as an adjuvant for kindling prana vaha sroto-agni. She
was placed on a kapha soothing and langhana regime but was encouraged to eat
easily digestible soups, stews and kitcheris to soothe her provoked vata. After
her cough resolved she was till feeling fatigued and drained and at this point
was placed on a more rejuvenative regime for prana vaha srotas including twice
daily Chyavanprash. As the weather was warming, her formula was changed to
include shatavari as a strengthening and building herb as well as punarnava and
licorice as lung strengtheners. She was also given an ojas drink which included
raisins, well known as lung rejuvenatives.
Non-dairy Ojas drink
Ingredients
10 raw almonds
2 cups pure water
20 raisins
1 tsp ghee (rejuvenative)
1/32 tsp saffron (increases digestion
and rejuvenative)
1/8 tsp ground cardamom (increases
digestion)
pinch of black pepper (helps control
the Kapha)
Directions
Soak almonds in 1 cup of water
overnight, and soak raisins in 1 cup of water either overnight or for
several hours
In the morning, drain off the almond water
and rub the skins off the almonds
In a blender, add the raisins AND
their soaking water with the drained and peeled almonds
Add ghee, saffron, cardamom, black pepper
Blend until smooth
Drink 3-4 times a week as directed.
Following this period of more intensive rejuvenation she
took Lung Formula regularly for some months to continue to strengthen her
lungs.
As we have seen, Ayurvedic therapies and home remedies are
valuable in easily curable upper respiratory conditions to help speed recovery
and return to normal life as well as to prevent complications. In conditions
like tonsillitis and pneumonia that are curable with difficulty, Ayurvedic
management can be used following the recommended Western medical treatments, to
help ensure optimal recovery. Following a serious lung infection requiring
hospitalization, some months of treatment may be required to help the patient
feel like themselves again. Next month, we will consider chronic conditions of
prana vaha srotas and will also consider how to notice and refer potentially
fatal respiratory conditions.
2.
Nadia Gul ; Talat Y. Mujahid ; Nayyar Jehan ; Samia Ahmad Studies on the
Antibacterial Effect of Different Fractions of Curcuma longa Against Urinary Tract Infection Isolates Pakistan Journal of
Biological Sciences 20047 12 p 2055-2060
3.Gur, STurgut-Balik, DGur, NAntimicrobial Activities and Some
Fatty Acids of Turmeric, Ginger Root and Linseed Used in the Treatment of
Infectious Diseases
World Journal of Agricultural Sciences [World J. Agric. Sci.]. Vol. 2, no. 4,
pp. 439-442. 2006.
4.
Reena Mukherjee, PK Dashand G.C. RamImmunotherapeutic potential of Ocimum sanctum (L) in bovine subclinical
mastitis Research in Veterinary ScienceVolume 79, Issue 1, August 2005, Pages 37-43
5.Vanka, A : Tandon, S : Rao, S R :
UdupaThe effect of indigenous Neem
(Adirachta indica) mouth wash on Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli growth. Author: Indian-J-Dent-Res. 2001
Jul-Sep; 12(3): 133-44
References and further reading may be available for this article. To view
references and further reading you must purchase this article.
Many years ago, when living in India as a sadhvi (wandering
renunciant) I met a Yogi who had taken a vow to wear white and eat only white
food. While this Yogi was definitely pursuing sattva, he was omitting many
important nutrients for the rakta dhatu. Iron, in particular, a key component
of both hemoglobin and chlorophyll, imparts red or green colors to the foods
that contain it. In this article we will look at a few important iron-rich
foods and herbs and how they can be incorporated into daily routine to maintain
healthy rakta.
First, it is important to note that iron in food occurs in
two forms: heme iron and nonheme iron (1).Heme iron is contained within a porphyrin ring structure and is found in
hemoglobin (blood) and myoglobin (muscle). Hence heme iron occurs in meats,
organ meats, fish and poultry. Nonheme iron may be either ferrous (Fe II) or
ferric (Fe III) (1) and is found primarily in plant foods. Once iron is taken
in as food, it must be hydrolysed from hemoglobin, myoglobin or the plant
ligands that bind it (1). Iron absorption is extremely complex and absorption
of ferric iron remains poorly understood to this day; however, well-functioning
jatharagni including kledak kapha, pachak pitta ,prana vayu and samana vayu are
vital for proper iron absorption.
Various food factors enhance iron absorption, including
sugars, acids such as vitamin C(ascorbic acid) and citric acid, as well as meat products. Acids chelate
iron, rendering it more readily absorbed (1). Iron absorption is reduced by
numerous lifestyle and dietary factors. Tannins in tea and coffee greatly
reduce iron absorption (1) by acting as ligands binding the iron, so it is
important that patients suffering from anemia do not drink tea or coffee after
meals. Chocolate and other foods high in oxalic acid, such as spinach and
chard, are well known to bind minerals--and iron is no exception. Phytates found
in whole grains and legumes also bind iron, rendering it insoluble (1). And
consumption of mineral supplements such as calcium and zinc after meals will
result in interactions that will negatively affect absorption of both iron and
the other minerals (1).
A typical vegetarian Ayurvedic diet, although iron-rich, is
also high in tannins and phytins that reduce the absorption of iron. Pregnant
women and those with low serum iron would be well-advised either to use husked
dals (such as yellow rather than green mung dal or white rather than black
urad) or to sprout legumes before making dals or kitcheris, as this practice
greatly decreases the tannin content and so increases the levels of absorbable
iron (2). Fermentation-- such as in a sourdough bread or idali--is another method
to enhance bioavailability of iron in cereal-based foods (3). Cooking greens in
an iron skillet has been found to enhance the biovailable iron content of
greens. (4).
Since the liver is the root of rakta vaha srotas, it is not
surprising to learn that the liver plays a key part in regulating iron
absorption. When iron stores are adequate or excessive, the liver sectretes
hepcidin, which both reduces absorption of dietary iron and sequesters the iron
being recycled from dead erythrocytes (red blood cells) within the macrophages
(1). Thus, through hepcidin secretion, the liver down-regulates iron absorption
when iron stores are high and up-regulates it when stores are low.
So we need adequate iron intake and proper absorption and
assimilation, but we also need proper transport to deliver the iron to the
tissues. Iron in the body is bound to ferritin. Only oxidized ferrous iron can
bind to ferritin. The copper- containing proteins hephaestin and ceruloplasmin
oxidize iron, readying it for transport to the tissues (1). Hence copper
deficiency can lead to impairment of iron delivery. Patients with iron
deficiency anemia need a good copper intake via food sources such as leafy dark
greens (kale, mustard, turnip, chard), molasses, sesame seeds, mushrooms,
asparagus and summer squash (5).
Herbal supplementation plays a vital role in supporting
healthy iron levels. An individual who is iron deficient is unlikely to make up
all their depleted reserves from food alone, so supplementation is required. Bhringaraj
(eclipta alba) is favored for treatment
of anemia because it is an excellent iron source (6). Further, it is also a
good copper source (7). Triphala is excellent for anemia since both haritaki
and bibhitaki are very rich iron sources and are also rich in vitamin C, which
aids iron absorption (6). The humble cumin seed rates as an excellent source of
iron as well as zinc (8). In addition, cumin tea enhances the absorption of
iron from food (9), creating a double benefit in using cumin tea as a remedy
for anemia. Anise tea, mint tea and licorice tea similarly enhance iron
absorption (9). Mint and licorice are also themselves excellent sources of iron
and licorice is high in copper as well (10). Pippali is another good source of
iron that also enhances iron absorption (11).
Understanding the food sources of iron, the factors that
increase and decrease iron absorption, cooking methods to improve iron
absorption within Ayurvedic and vegetarian diets, the importance of copper in
iron utilization and the use of herbs and spice teas to supplement iron, we can
create a well-reasoned treatment plan for iron deficiency.
1. Gropper, S et al,Advanced nutrition and human
metabolismWadsworth
Cengage Learning (2008) ISBN 0495116572
2. Rao, B. S. N. and Prabhavathi, T.
(1982), Tannin content of foods commonly consumed in India and its influence on
ionisable iron. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 33: 89-96.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740330116
Poison ivy fruits are yellowish white
and clustered.
