Habitat: Aloe Vera grows wild predominantly in India, Central/South America
,Africa, Arabia, also cultivated in Europe.
Part
used :
Whole plant
Aloe
Vera is a coarse-looking perennial plant with a short stem.
Widely
prized in the ancient world as "plant of immortality". Ancient Egyptians buried it with pharaohs in tombs. Cleopatra and
Queen of Nile used it for bathing. Many ancient physicians, such as Galen,
Pliny, Dioscorides as well as Surushta and Charaka, praised its values. It was
brought to the USA from Africa in the sixteenth century. In many countries it
has become a common household remedy for the variety of uses.
Ayurvedic Herbal Energetics
RasaTikta,Madhura
ViryaShita
VipakaMadhura
GunasGuru, Picchila, Snigdha
(1,2)
Karmas of Aloe Vera
Vranaropana (wound healing activity), Rasayana(rejuvenative
for the skin, intestines, female reproductive system),Artavajanana (promotes
menses),Dipana (enkindles the digestive fire),Visphota (removes pustules), Bhedaniya
Purgative - powder), Raktapitta (alleviates bleeding),Amapacana (clearing
ama),Visahara (destroys poison), Llihayakrdvrddhihara (reduces inflammations of
spleen and liver), Granthi(clears tumor).(1)
Aloe Vera works on
all dhatus and following srotas: digestive, circulatory, female
reproductive, excretory.
VPK =
(1,2)
Aloe vera contains B12, vitamin A and E, iron, potassium,
calcium, protein, folic acid, chromium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin C, essential
fatty acids and amino acids.
In human clinical studies,
the juice of the Aloe plant aids digestive irritations like colitis, IBS and
soothes stomach ulcers because the plant extract encourages the release of
gastric juice enzyme needed to aid digestion called pepsin.
Aloe Vera gel is an excellent tonic for
the liver and spleen, for the female reproductive and blood system.
Chromium--the mineral that researchers found in the Aloe plant--is known to
benefitpatients
suffering from circulatory problems, as well as cardiac disease. It was found
that high concentrations of the Aloe gel stimulated the production of white
blood cells in the body.
For 5 years, studies
of five thousand patients with
atheromatous heart disease were done, adding the 'Husk of Isabgol' and 'aloe
vera'to the diet. A noticeable
reduction in total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting and post-prandial
blood sugar level in diabetic patients, total lipids and also increase in HDL
were noted. Also, "the clinical profile of these patients showed reduction in
the frequency of anginal attacks and gradually, the drugs, like verapamil,
nifedipine, beta-blockers and nitrates, were tapered. The patients, most
benefitted, were diabetics (without adding any antidiabetic drug)." The exact
mechanism of the action is not known, but probably it is working because of
high fiber contest. No side effect was noted and all the five thousand patients
are surviving till date.(3 )
Chinese scientists researched antioxidant properties and
cell protective effects of a polysaccharide from Aloe vera. The result
suggested that it "could be a preventive and therapeutic significance to some
free radical associated health problems such as coronary heart ailments,
Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Furthermore, the finding shed as well
fresh light helpful for a better understanding of the health-benefiting
potential of the edible plant consumed by the Chinese people for a couple of
centuries."(4)
It supports the immune system and healthy
breathing. Pacifies all agnis, reduces and rejuvenate Pitta. 2t of it can be
taken 3 times a day, with a pinch of turmeric as a general tonic (2). Externally,
the gel has been used in many ways: cosmetics, wound-healing, psoriases (5). "Freeze-dried Aloe vera extract is a
natural effective ingredient for improving skin hydration, possibly through a
humectant mechanism. Consequently, it may be used in moisturizing cosmetic
formulations and also as a complement in the treatment of dry skin."(6,). Separate
studies revealed that adding aloe vera gel in the sunscreenincreases efficiency of the formulation
more then four times. (6)
Aloe latex is officially approved as a laxative in the US,
Germany, England. It is recommended for such conditions as hemorrhoids,
fissures, after rectal and anal surgeries. Externally, latex is used as a
soothing agent in treating burns and mild cuts in a gel form (7).
Aloe Vera gel showed significant results in treating
diabetes mellitus, asthma, and peptic ulcers
In animal studies,
aloe gel showed wound healing, anti-inflammatory, gastro protective,
spermicidal, antiviral, as well as cholesterol lowering and immune-stimulating
qualities (8, 9 ).
Wound healing. A
recent study showed aloe is more effective than conventional treatments for
burns, frostbite, and intra-arterial damage.
Antiviral and
spermicidal effect was shown in an in vitro study. The authors concluded
that it might be useful as a contraceptive, especially in preventing the
transmission
of HIV.
Gastro protective properties.
When aloe gel was given to rats before ulcer inducing stress, the number of
ulcers decreased by 80%. After developing ulcers, the animals given aloe vera
gel recovered 3 times faster compare to the control animals (9).
Immune stimulation. When given orally to animals, it was
shown to lower cholesterol.
Animal studies found antitumor and anticancer activity in
alcoholic extract of aloe.
Recent human clinical
studies of external use of aloe vera gel for wound healing and psoriasis
showed that aloe accelerated healing by 72 hours (patients after dermabrasion).
The wounds of patients with frostbites and burns healed
faster and had less tissue loss and fewer complications compare with
conventional methods (10).
The internal use of the gel has been studied for treating
asthma; diabetes mellitus and peptic ulcers showed and reported positive
results ( 8 ).
In addition to gel and powder form, tincture and fermented gel
are being used.
The famous classic Ayurvedic medicine, Kumaryasava, uses fermented aloe gel to
make a tonic herbal wine, such a wine which is normally flavored usingjaagery or honey and varied spices. It
is used as a remedy for the treatment of anemia in patients; in the treatment
of the digestive system, various female reproductive and liver disorders.
"...This recipe increases strength, color, digestive capacity,
weight and taste, acts as a aphrodisiac, relieves pain of indigestion, eight
kinds of udara (abdominal inlargment ), severe kshaya (consumption), twenty
kinds of prameha (diabetes ), udavarta ( reverse peristalsis ), apasmara (
epilepsy ), sukra dosas ( disorders of the semen ), ashmari ( urinary calculus
), krmi ( parasites ) and raktapitta ( purpura ) without doubt (18-27)." (11).
Aloe can be combined with shatavari as a nutritive tonic,
with gentian as a bitter tonic, with manjista as an emmenagogue (12).
Contraindications:
pregnancy (powder), powder in vata constipation.
Aloe Vera is contraindicated in cases of known allergy to
plants in the Liliaceae family.
Conclusion
Aloe vera is well known and used worldwide as a medicinal
plant.
The external use of aloe vera for minor wounds, burns (including
radiation burns), and frostbites has been established through extensive use and
clinical and pharmacological studies. The internal use of Aloe vera for peptic
ulcer, diabetes type 2, asthma, HIV and many other potential uses needs
additional studies. Since ancient time, aloe has provided humankind with
numerous valuable medicinal products. Human studies continue to confirm its
therapeutic use.
4. Wu JH,
Xu C, Shan CY, Tan RX, "Antioxidant properties and PC12 cell protective
effects of APS-1, a polysaccharide from Aloe vera var. chinensis". Life
Sci. 2006 Jan : 622-630.
5..Bruneton,J.
1995. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medical Plants. .Paris Lavoisier
Publishing.
6. Dal'Belo
SE, Gaspar LR, Maia Campos PM., "Moisturizing effect of cosmetic
formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed
by skin bioengineering techniques.". Skin Res Technol. 2006 Nov;:
241-246.
7. Bradley,P.R.,1992.British Herbal
Compendium.Vol.1.Dorset:British Herbal Medicine Association
8.
Davis,R.H.et.al.1994.Mannose-6-Phosphate:Anti-inflammatory and wound healing
activity of a growth substance in Aloe vera.J.Appl.Hort.,2(1):10-14
9. Danhof,I.
1991.Potential Benefits from Orally ingested Internal Aloe vera Gel. Irving,
Texas: International Aloe Science Council 10th Annual Aloe Scientific Seminar
Lavandula angustifolia, Lamiaceae, Common Lavender, True Lavender, English Lavender, inflorescence; Karlsruhe, Deutschland. The fresh flowers are used in homeopathy as remedy: Lavandula (Lav-o.) Deutsch: Lavandula angustifolia, Lamiaceae, Echter Lavendel, Infloreszenz; Karlsruhe, Deutschland. Die frischen Blüten werden in der Homöopathie als Arzneimittel verwendet: Lavandula (Lav-o.) (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
By Shaw Lathrop
Dec. 2, 2010
Herbology Class, Alandi Ashram, Boulder,
CO
Instructor, Jane Bunin, PhD
INTRODUCTION
Since a young
age I have been intoxicated by the fragrant smell and delightful color of lavender.
When choosing a plant to write a research report on my mind swiftly settled on
this lovely variety.
True lavender
(Lavandula angustifolia) is one member of a genus of 39 species of flowering
plants of the mint family (Labiatae) that are considered "lavenders". The
Lavandula genus includes annuals, woody perennials and small shrubs.
RESEARCH
Upon beginning
to research lavender I at once discovered that a widespread use and love of
this plant has provided the world with a wealth of information with which to
draw from.Lavender is one of the
oldest medicinal herbs, having over 2500 years of recorded use. In my research
I attempted to draw on a diverse background of sources including scientific
journals, field guides, gardening and horticulture books, and ethnobotanical
sources. My work is by no means exhaustive, but rather attempts to provide a
well-rounded resource for those interested in the potential medicinal
properties of this delightful herb.
PLANT NOMENCLATURE
The name
"lavender" is often said to come from the Latin word "lavare" meaning "to wash"
because the Romans were known to use it in their baths. (Oxford English Dictionary (second ed.). 1989)
However, Sally
Festing in The Story of Lavender (Festing, S. (1985) The Story of Lavender,
Hyperion Books pg. 137) suggests that the English name "lavender" most likely
came from the Latin word "livendula" which means "bluish" and is the root of
the word "livid".
Flower
and Fruit: The flowers are in false whorls of 6 to 10
blossoms forming interrupted terminal spikes. The pedicles are 10 to 15 cm long
downy stems. The bracts are 5 mm long, ovate to broadly triangular, often brown
and brown-violet or violet-tinged. The tubular calyx has 5 uneven tips, it is
amethyst-colored, tomentose and after flowering it is closed by a lidlike
appendage of its upper tip. The corolla is longer with a cylindrically fused base,
the lips are flat, and the upper lip is larger with 2 lobes. The lower lip is
3-lobed with even tips. The stamens are enclosed in the tube. The ovary
consists of 4 carpels and has a nectary below it. The fruit is a glossy brown
nutlet.
Leaves,
Stem and Root: English Lavender is a 60 cm
high sub-shrub and is heavily branched with leafy, erect, rod-like, gray-green,
young branches. The leaves are sessile, oblong-lanceolate, entire-margined,
involute, gray, later green with glandular spots beneath.(Bailey, L.H. (1949) Manual of
Cultivated Plants Most Commonly Grown in the Continental United States and
Canada.MacMillan
Publishing Company pg. 1116)
HABITAT
Lavender is
reported by most sources to be native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean
region, tropical areas of Africa, southern India, and the area around modern
day Iraq. Today lavender is grown in herb gardens throughout the world and is
commercially grown in Europe, Australia, Russia, and America. It can even be
grown right here in Boulder, Colorado.
Easy to grow,
Lavender likes warm weather, a sunny location and moderate water. In cold
climates it may not survive the winter. Lavenders flourish best in dry,
well-drained, sandy or gravelly soils in full sun. All types need little or no
fertilizer and good air circulation; in areas of high humidity, root rot due to
fungus infection can be a problem.
(McCaleb,
Roberts S. The encyclopedia of popular herbs 2000 Prima publishing pages
281-287)
PHENOLOGY
Depending on the
growing region, Lavender growers can enjoy different varieties of the plant
from early spring to mid summer. Each variety has a distinct flowering period.
Non-English
Lavenders such as Spanish, Yellow, Sweet, French, Allardii, Goodwin Creek Gray,
and Woolly Lavender start blooming early to mid spring. Spanish and Yellow
Lavenders finish up after four or five weeks, with the others blooming for a
bit longer.
The English
Lavenders which include English, Munstead, Hidcote, Hidcote Pink, Jean Davis,
Sarah, and Vera flower in mid to late spring. These second-round bloomers are
finished by late spring or early summer.
The English
Lavender Hybrids, sometimes referred to as Lavandins; come in third in the
bloom cycle, starting just as the English Lavenders are finishing, and
continuing to mid summer.
(http://www.mountainvalleygrowers.com/lavendercareandtips.htm
No author cited. 1997)
COLLECTING/PREPARATIONS
Flower stalks
are harvested in full bloom and during the hottest part of the day. The parts of the plant that are collected and used for medical
application include the essential oil extracted from the fresh flowers and/or
the inflorescences, the fresh flowers and the dried flowers.
The
essential oil, which is the most commonly used medicinal form of lavender, is
distilled from the flower stalks and flowers. The best quality oil is distilled
from the flowers (without the stalks) which are distilled immediately, with no
drying or fermentation since fresh lavender yields more esters.
In herbal medicine, the fresh or dried flowers are used in
infusions, tinctures, or macerated oils. An
infusion is prepared by adding 5 to 10 ml of lavender per cup of hot water (150
ml), drawing for 10 minutes, and straining. For external use as bam additive,
100 g of lavender is scalded or boiled with 2 liters of water and added to the
bath.
The fresh or dried flowers are also used in cooking and
impart a delicious, distinctive flavor to cookies, sauces, and other dishes. Combinations with other sedative and/or carminative herbs are
generally considered to be beneficial.
An
absolute and concrete of lavender are also produced by solvent extraction for
use in perfumery but should is not recommended for aromatheraputic use. (Joerg Gruenwald, PhD (eds) (2000) Physician's Desk Reference for herbal
medicines. Medical Economics Company pg. 277)
MEDICINAL USES
Historical Uses
Lavender
has a long history of use, and is cited as having a wide range of applications.
I will begin by discussing historical uses of lavender and then go on to look
at modern day applications.
The
lavender plant may have first been domesticated in Arabia well before the time
of Jesus and was used there as an expectorant and antispasmodic. From Arabia,
it was then carried by the Greeks and Romans, who used it to cure or ward off a
host of illnesses. Eventually it reached France, Spain, Italy and England where
it became well established as a remedy for stomach complaints and nervousness
and as a cosmetic water to benefit the skin. It was used from very early times
as a strewing herb for its deodorizing and disinfecting properties. (Festing,
S. (1985) The Story of Lavender, Hyperion Books pg. 137)
Dioscorides,
the famous first century Greek physician, recommended lavender for "grief's of
the thorax" and also noted that it relieved headaches, indigestion and sore
throats when used internally and was good for treating wounds or burns and for
skin conditions when used externally (Dioscorides (c. 65 A.D.) De Materia Medica. Ibidis Press).
It
was often cited by Hildegard of Bingen, the famous 12th century mystic. It was
one of her favorite herbs and she recommended it for migraine headaches, a use
which has persisted into modern times, as well as for "maintaining a pure
character". (Hildegard,B. (reprint 1997) Causae
et Curae. Pattloch pg. 307) Later, it was one of the major ingredients of
the so-called Thieves Vinegar used in the Middle Ages during the Plague and was
also considered an aphrodisiac. (Festing)
By
the 19th Century, doctors used lavender essential oil to treat headaches,
memory loss, fainting, depression, and infertility in women. (Festing)
Maude
Grieve, the famous 20th Century herbalist, offered an extensive treatise on
various species of lavender in her Herbal and this has been the source of much
of the historical information on this plant that is now widely quoted in many
books and articles . Regarding the therapeutic actions and uses of lavender,
she mentions its carminative and nervine properties and its use in depression,
fatigue, snake bites, headache, loss of memory and an extensive array of other
aliments. (Grieve, M. (1971) A Modern Herbal, Vol. II. Dover Edition pg. 521)
Modern Uses
In
modern days, the most commonly used preparation of lavender is the essential oil.
The majority of scientific journal reports I found are dealing with the use of
the oil.Lavender essential oil is
described as one of the most versatile essential oils and a wide range of
therapeutic uses is reported. It is described as having outstanding cooling,
soothing, and calming properties which make it useful in conditions involving
inflammation, spasm, pain and restlessness. Lavender has been described as
having remarkable balancing effects on the central nervous system and as being
an outstanding choice for people who are suffering from stress, tension,
insomnia, nervous exhaustion and related depression. It is described as calming
and soothing to the nervous system and the body-mind and its reputed tonic
properties are believed to help overcome exhaustion and apathy.
Moss
M, Cook J, et al, "Aromas of Rosemary and Lavender Essential Oils
Differentially Affect Cognition and Mood in Healthy Adults", International Journal of Neuroscience,
Vol. 113, Issue 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 15-38: Results suggest that olfactory
presentation of lavender essential oil decreased performance on cognitive tasks
while rosemary oil produced mixed results (performance on some measures was
enhanced compared to controls while on other measures it was degraded); the
rosemary group was found to have greater alertness than the control or lavender
groups, while both the lavender and rosemary groups reported better mood than
controls. The authors conclude that the olfactory properties of essential oils
can produce objective effects on cognitive performance and subjective effects
on mood.
Buchbauer
G, Jirovetz L, et al, "Aromatherapy: evidence for the sedative effects of
the essential oil of lavender after inhalation", Naturforsch C. 1991, Nov-Dec; 46 (11-12): pp 1067 - 72. Inhalation
of lavender essential oil was found to reduce caffeine-induced hyperactivity in
mice to near-normal motility. The reduction showed a correlation with serum
linalool levels and the authors conclude that the study provides support for
the aromatherapeutic use of herbal pillows to facilitate falling asleep and to
reduce stress.
Saeki
Y, "The effect of foot-bath with or without essential oil of lavender on
the autonomic nervous system: a randomized trial", Complimentary Therapies in Medicine, 2000, Vol. 8, Issue 1, pp.
2-7. Subjects sat with their feet soaking in hot water, with or without
lavender essential oil, for ten minutes during which electrocardiogram,
finger-tip blood flow and respiration were recorded; autonomic function was
evaluated using spectral analysis of heart rate variability. The foot baths
caused no changes in heart rate or respiratory rate but produced a significant
increase in blood flow. On spectral analysis, the parasympathetic activity
increased significantly during both types of foot-bath. In the lavender
foot-bath, there were delayed changes to the balance of autonomic activity in
the direction associated with relaxation.
Soden
K, Vincent K, et al, "A randomized controlled trial of aromatherapy
massage in a hospice setting", Palliative
Medicine, 2004, Vol. 18, No. 2, 87-92. Forty-two patients were randomly
assigned to receive massage with or without lavender essential oil added to the
inert massage base. Outcome measures include a Visual Analog Scale of pain
intensity, a sleep scale, an anxiety and depression scale, and symptom
checklist. No significant long-term effects were found for lavender essential
oil in terms of improving pain control, anxiety or quality of life. Sleep
scores improved in both groups and depression scores improved in the
massage-only groups. The authors conclude that lavender essential oil did not
increase the beneficial effects of massage.
Bardeau
F., "Utillisation d'HE aromatiques pour purifier et desodoriser l'air (Use
of essential aromatic oils to purify and deodorize the air", Le Chirurgien-dentiste de France, 1976,
Sept 29; 46 (319): 53 Vaporized essential oils and their capacity to destroy
bacteria such as Proteus, Staph. Aureus, Strep. Pyrogenes and others were
examined. Oils which were found to be the most effective in destroying air
borne bacteria included clove, lavender, lemon, marjoram, mint, niaouli, pine,
rosemary, and thyme.
Piccaglia
R, Deans S G, et al, "Biological activity of essential oils from lavender,
sage, winter savory, and thyme of Italian origin", 1993 Programme Abstracts 24th International Symposium on Essential Oils.
The oils were tested for antimicrobial activity against 25 species including
food poisoning types and human disease pathogens. All oils showed good activity
against the majority of the bacteria. Lavender was most effective against
Clostridium sporogenes.
Imberger
I, Rupp J, et al, "Effect of Essential Oils on Human Attentional
Processes" 1993 Programme Abstracts
24th International Symposium on Essential Oils, The authors investigated
the effects of inhaled jasmine and lavender on human attentional processes. The
excitatory effects of jasmine and sedative effects of lavender were clearly
indicated in the results of vigilance tests. No effects were demonstrated
regarding alertness as measured by reaction time.
Dale
A, Cornwall S, "The role of lavender oil in relieving perineal discomfort
following childbirth: a blind randomized clinical trial", Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1994,
19:89-96. 635 women participated in a clinical trial to assess the possible
benefits of adding lavender oil to daily bath water for the first 10 days
following childbirth. Subjects were assigned to one of 3 groups: one in which 6
drops of lavender essential oil was added, one with the addition of an inert
aromatic substance, and one with synthetic lavender oil. Analysis of daily
discomfort scores showed no significant differences between the groups. The
authors concluded that lavender essential oil was not effective in this
application.
Ghelardini C, et al, "Local anaesthetic activity of the essential oil
of Lavandula angustifolia" Planta Med. 1999 Dec;65 (8):700-3.This work we
studied the local anaesthetic activity of essential oil obtained from lavender.
The authors compared its activity to the essential oils obtained from two
citrus fruits, Citrus reticulata Blanco and Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f., which
have no medical uses. Anaesthetic activity was evaluated in vivo in the rabbit
conjunctival reflex test, and in vitro in a rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm
preparation. The essential oil of lavender but not the oils of Citrus
reticulata and Citrus limon were able to drastically reduce, in a
dose-dependent manner, the electrically evoked contractions of rat
phrenic-hemidiaphragm. In the rabbit conjunctival reflex test treatment with a
solution of essential oil of lavender administered in the conjunctival sac)
allow a dose-dependent increase in the number of stimuli necessary to provoke
the reflex, thus confirming in vivo the local anaesthetic activity observed in
vitro.
Winston D. "The use of herbs for treating chronic back pain:
a materia medica." J Am Herbalists Guild.
2005;6 (1):20-24. In this outline of recommendations of using herbal remedies
in conjunction with other treatments the author recommends using lavender as a
nervine and sedative to reduce stress and decrease muscle tension.
Approved
by Commission E:
• Loss of
appetite
•
Nervousness and insomnia
•
Circulatory disorders
•
Dyspeptic complaints
Internally,
English Lavender is used for mood disturbances such as restlessness or
insomnia, functional abdominal complaints (nervous stomach irritations,
Roehmheld syndrome, meteorism, nervous intestinal discomfort). Externally,
English Lavender is used in balneotherapy for treatment of functional
circulatory disorders.
When
taken internally, lavender is a mild sedative that helps with restlessness and insomnia,
reduces stomach acid and gas, and alleviates other intestinal difficulties.
Bitter tasting but with a rich and sweet aroma, lavender is often used in
colognes and perfumes and in many calming teas. Lavender is also used in
aromatherapy as a holistic relaxant and is said to have carminative,
antiflatulence and anticolic properties. Its sedative nature, on inhalation,
has been shown both in animals and man. Lavender has spasmolytic activity, as
does linalool, one of lavender's major components. The mode of action of
lavender oil resembles that of geranium and peppermint oils.
PRIMARY
CONSTITUENTS
Lavender
flowers contain: 1-3% essential oil, containing mainly monoterpenes (Lavandulae
aetheroleum, DAB 100, the most important component of which is linaloyl acetate
(30-55%), also linalool (20-35%), b-ocimene, cineole, and camphor, and also the
sesquiterpene caryophyllene oxide; tannins (5-10%), derivatives of rosmarinic
acid; courmarin; flavonoids; phytosterols.
Lavender
makes a complex essential oil with over 100 constituents including linalyl
acetate, linalool, lavandulol, lavandulyl acetate, terpineol, cineol, limonene,
ocimene, pinene, caryophyllene, linalyl butyrate, geranyl acetate, camphor,
coumarin, etc. The essential oils of lavender with a high ester content and
relatively low cineol and camphor are preferred. (Joerg Gruenwald, PhD (eds) (2000) Physician's Desk Reference for herbal medicines. Medical Economics
Company pg. 277)
CONTRA-INDICATIONS
Lavender
must be used in the appropriate dose to achieve best results. 4 drops or less
per application produces a relaxing, balancing effect. When more than 4 drops
are given in a two hour period, lavender may loose its balancing and calming
effect and can become too stimulating, leading to restlessness and anxiety. (http://www.newyorkbuyersclub.org/resources/recommended-reading-files/13-DEPRESSION-ANXIETY-SLEEP.pdf
No Author cited)
Lavender
essential oil is generally considered non-toxic, non-irritant, and
non-sensitizing in normal doses. However, at least one author has reported that
it can cause dermatitis (J.A. Duke, 1985, cited in Aromatherapy for Health Professionals by Shirley and Len Price, 2nd
Edition, (1999)).
An
article in the Feb 2007 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine·(Derek V., et al, "Prepubertal
Gynecomastia Linked to Lavender and Tea Tree Oils" New England Journal of medicine 356;5 February 1, 2007 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa064725)
reported one researcher's concern that products containing lavender and/or tea
tree essential oils may have been responsible for abnormal breast development
in three pre-pubertal boys. Each of these boys had used a product, such as a
soap or hair product, containing one or both of these essential oils and the
author hypothesized that since these oils have a weak hormonal effect in vitro,
they could have caused the abnormal growth in the boys. This article received a
lot of press and has raised concerns for some about the use of these oils,
despite the fact that the study was poorly designed and not well controlled.
The Aromatherapy Trade Council (Great Britain) has published a critique of the
study and dismisses the conclusions of the original article as unfounded. (Robert
Tisserand (2007)
http://www.a-tc.org.uk/pages/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPage&sec=6&page=189)
Many of the
theraputic uses listed were approved by commission E.
Readers will quickly notice that
the Commission E monographs do not include any references to the literature
used by the Commission members in assessing the safety and efficacy of the
herbal drugs under review. This is unlike the format for the monographs
published in 1990 and subsequently by ESCOP. Commission E and ESCOP monographs
are similar insofar as they are therapeutic monographs and do not detail
standards for quality as are found in a pharmacopeial monograph.
According to Prof. Schilcher
every monograph has a Begrundung , an
unpublished justification with most of the relevant references. This material
is stored at the BfArM in Berlin and only in conflicts or cases of disputes to
the Medical Act can an attorney or a scientific organization view these
references. The references were originally included in data reviewed by members
of the Commission in determining monograph evaluations (Schilcher, 1998a).
McCaleb, Roberts
S. The encyclopedia of popular herbs 2000 Prima publishing pages 281-287
Ashwagandha
is native to the dry regions of south central Asia, and thrives in a
Mediterranean-type climate such as Southern California.It grows prolifically in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It is commercially
cultivated in Madhya
Pradesh (a state in India).
Here
is a list of where it is found natively-
AFRICA Macaronesia: Cape Verde; Spain - Canary Islands Northern Africa: Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Morocco; Tunisia Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Somalia; Sudan East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda West Tropical Africa: Liberia; Mali; Nigeria South Tropical Africa: Angola; Malawi; Mozambique;
Zambia; Zimbabwe Southern Africa: Botswana; Lesotho; Namibia; South Africa - Cape Province, Free
State, KwaZulu-Natal, Transvaal; Swaziland Western Indian Ocean: Mauritius
ASIA-TEMPERATE Arabian Peninsula: Arabia Western Asia: Afghanistan; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Turkey
ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: India; Pakistan; Sri Lanka
EUROPE Southeastern Europe: Greece;Italy - Sardinia, Sicily Southwestern Europe: Spain
Plant Parts
Used
Dried roots are used in Ayurveda in various formulations. Powdered roots are
also used for its nutritive properties.
Ethnobotany
Ashwagandha
root has been used in India for at least between 3,000-5,000 years, to enhance
libido and sexual vitality, improve fertility and overall reproductive health,
and to reduce stress. In ancient times it was drunk in buffalo milk.
Robin Lane Fox, an English scholar, mentioned Ashwagandha in his biography
about Alexander The Great. According to the biography in the time of Alexander,
wine prepared from Ashwagandha was in wide use. He and his army use to prepare
this wine to gain energy and get rid of various ailments.
According to Anne Van Arsdall, a scolar of Medieval herbal remedies,
Ashwagandha was called apollinaris and also glofwyrt in The
Old English Herbarium, and had a legend that Apollo found it first and gave
it to the healer Aesculapius.
Ashwagandha
was traditionally available as powder that was made after crushing roots of the
plant thoroughly and then sieving it through a very fine cloth. Various other
preparations were being made using this powder that is mentioned below. In
today's global market Ashwagandha is available in powder, capsules, syrups and
tablet forms. It is readily available.
Ayurvedic classical preparations
Ashwagandharista -a decoction preparation that is being prepared
with Ashwagandha as a main ingredient.
Ashwagandhaghrta - an Ashwagandha preparation in which it is
processed in the ghee.
Ashwagandha churna- a powdered preparation
of Ashwagandha root.
Ashwagandhavaleha -a classical
preparation in which Ashwagandha along with other herbs are processed to make
it in a paste texture that can be licked.
Saubhagyasunthipaka - a preparation in
which Ashwagandha and sunthi (dried ginger) are taken in major proportion with
other herbs taken in smaller amounts.
Sukumaraghrta - an Ashwagandha
preparation made in ghee. It is generally prepared for children.
Maharasnadi yoga - a Ashwagandha
preparation that is widely used as pain killer by ayurvedic practitioners.
Dosage
Dosage of various forms of Ashwagandha is given below considering a
person of normal weight and height. These can vary from person to person.
Caution
should be used with clients on anticonvulsants, and barbiturates. Ashwagandha is
traditionally avoided in lymphatic congestion, during colds and flu, or
symptoms of ama.
Ayurvedic
Uses
-It
is used in formulations for its excellent anti inflammatory & pain
relieving properties.
-Application
of soft paste or poultice made of leaves or roots or both of Ashwagandha is
indicated in cases of goiter & glandular inflammations.
-Oil
prepared with infusion from roots of Ashwagandha is recommended in 'Daurbalya'
(general weakness) to rejuvenate muscles & to strengthen joints and
associated tissues and in Vata related disorders.
-It
is a rasayana herb & is used for rejuvenation and revitalization of
musculo-skeletal system.
-It
is used in circulatory disorders for its hypotensive, brady-cardiac &
depressant properties. It helps to control cardiac inflammation.
-It
helps in congestion & helps in breathing difficulty. Widely used in
Ayurvedic formulations for asthma, chronic cough, allergic cough.
-Ashwagandha
has excellent diuretic properties. In females it is used in formulations for
uterine inflammation, leucorrhea and menstrual disorders.
-Ashwagandha
is widely used in Ayurvedic formulations as a tonic for stimulating male
genital system and in conditions such as loss of libido, erectile dysfunction,
oligospermia & impotence.
-It
has sedative & mild hypnotic properties.
-Root and
bitter leaves are used as a hypnotic in alcoholism and emphysematous dyspnea.
-Root is
used in doses of about 30 grains in consumption, emaciation of children, senile
debility, rheumatism, in all cases of general debility, nervous exhaustion,
brain-fag, low of memory, loss of muscular energy and spermator rhoea. It
infuses fresh energy and vigor in a system worn out owing to any constitutional
disease like syphilis, rheumatic fever etc., or from over-work and thus
prevents premature decay.
-Leaves
are used as an anthelmintic and as an application to carbuncles.
-Fruits
or seeds are used as diuretic, and to coagulate milk.
-Root is used as an application in obstinate ulcers and rheumatic swellings.
-Ashwagandha
is an ingredient in chyavanaprash. Chyavanaprash is used as a treatment for
kasa (cough), svasa (dyspnea), kshaya (consumption), svarabheda (voice
problems) and hrdroga (heart problems). It is also used in a special type of rasayana therapy called kutipraveshika,
employed after pancha karma, whereby the patient is housed in a specially constructed hut
and consumes nothing except Chyavanaprash, rice, ghee for a specified period of
time.
Ashwagandha is frequently a constituent of Ayurvedic formulas,
including shilajit.
Specific Ayurvedic Remedies
-A decoction of Ashwagandha root is
useful as nutrient and health restorative to pregnant and elderly people. You
can also take its powder with milk as an alternative.
-Ashwagandha Ghrita promotes the
nutrition and strength of children. For improving the nutrition of weak
children, give for two weeks.
-For curing the sterility of women, Ayurveda practitioners often prescribe a
boiled down decoction of Ashwagandha, milk and ghee. Take this for a few days,
soon after the menstrual period.
-For involuntary loss of semen, and
loss of strength, a powder consisting of Ashwagandha, sugar, ghee, honey and
long pepper is often given daily, with a milk and rice diet.
-Ashwagandha root taken with milk
or clarified butter acts as an aphrodisiac and restorative to old men. Ashwagandha
- Vidari Combination is a herbal remedy for this condition.
-The powder of Ashwagandha and rock
candy, in ghee is often prescribed for lumbago, pains in the loins or small of
the back.
-Fresh green root of Ashwagandha reduced to paste with cow's urine or with
water heated applied to the parts affected is useful for glandular
swellings.
-Narayana
Taila, an Ayurvedic herbal remedy containing Ashwagandha, is useful for
consumption, emaciation of children and rheumatism and as an enema in dysentery
and anal fistulae.
-A ghrita prepared with a decoction
and paste of Ashwagandha root is used internally and an oil prepared with a
decoction of the root and a number of aromatic substances in the form of a
paste is used externally for rheumatism.
-For skin diseases apply Ashwagandha powder well mixed with oil to
the skin.
-Also
for skin diseases make a paste of1 tsp Ashwagandha, 1/2 tsp Manjistha,
and 1/2 tspTurmeric. Apply to
Scaly eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis.
-For improving eyesight take a mixture of Ashwagandha powder, licorice
powder and juice of amla.
-Apply drops into the nose in
deafness, and as an ointment over the body in hemiplegia, tetanus, rheumatism,
and lumbago.
-Use a decoction of the roots of Ashwagandha, and licorice, with cow's milk to
promote lactation.
-For vitiligo
mix 1 tsp Ashwagandha and ½ tsp Red Sandalwood. Take internally + externally.
-For
Tuberculosis make a Yakshma, 1 tsp Ashwagandha boiled with goats milk, 1/16 tsp
pippali
Take
1 cup goat's milk, add 1 cup water, put 1 tsp Ashwagandha + 1/16 tsp pippali,
boil milk back to one cup. Give 1 cup morning + evening
Medical
research
-Adaptogen:
Researchers found that rats treated
with an extract of Ashwagandha showed better stress tolerance in cold water
swimming tests, a classic experimental model of adaptogenic activity (Archana
and Namasivayam 1999).
-Anti-inflammatory:
An extract of the aerial parts of
Ashwagndha had excellent anti-inflammatory effects in rats subjected to having
cotton-pellets surgically implanted under their skin (al-Hindawi et al
1992).An extract composed 80% of
Ashwagandha displayed significant anti-inflammatory activity on rats that were
exposed to a substance called carrageenan which is used to induce paw swelling
(al-Hindawi 1989).
-Antioxidant:
A root extract of Ashwagandha
prevented the rise of experimentally induced free radical build-up in rabbits
and mice (Dhuley 1998a). In tests conducted on rats' brains with an extract
taken from Ashwagandha root, it was found that there was significant increase
in three natural anti - oxidants. The natural antioxidants found were
glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. This ratio was
constant in various repeated tests conducted. (Bhattacharya et al 1997).
-Cancer:
The administration of Ashwagandha
rasayana (an Ayurvedic formulation containing Ashwagandha) significantly
reduced the lung tumor nodule formation by 55.6% in experimental animals (Menon
et al. 1997).An alcoholic extract
of the dried roots showed significant antitumor and radio-sensitizing effects
in experimental tumors in Chinese hamster cells, without any noticeable systemic
toxicity (Devi 1996). Ashwagandha displayed significant antitumor and radio-sensitizing
effects, inhibiting tumor growth and increasing survival in Swiss mice
inoculated with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, a specific type of cancer (Devi et
al 1995; Sharad et al 1996).The
administration of an extract of Ashwagandha was found to significantly reduce
induced leucopenia in lab animals, indicating its usefulness in cancer therapy
(Davis and Kuttan 1998).
-Central Nervous system:
Isolated constituents of Ashwagandha
increased neuron receptor capacity, partly explaining the cognition-enhancing
and memory-improving effects traditionally attributed to Ashwagandha (Schliebs
et al 1997). A commercial root extract of Ashwagandha used repeatedly over nine
days lessened the development of tolerance to the pain-killing effect of
morphine and suppressed morphine-withdrawal jumps (Kulkarni and Ninan 1997).
-Diabetes:
The hypoglycemic, diuretic and
hypocholesterolemic effects of roots of Ashwagandha were assessed in six
patients with mild Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus and six patients
with mild hypercholesterolemia.The treatment consisted of the powder of roots over a 30 day period.At the end of the study, researchers
noted a decrease in blood glucose comparable to that of an oral hypoglycemic
drug, and a significant increase in urine sodium and urine volume, coupled with
a decrease in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (low density lipoproteins)
and VLDL (very low density lipoproteins) cholesterol, with no adverse effects
noted (Andallu and Radhika 2000).
-Immunity:
Myelosuppressed mice (those with
decreased production of red blood cells) treated with an extract of Ashwagandha
showed a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell
count, white blood cell count, platelet count and body weight as compared to
control groups. (Ziauddin et al 1996). Mice infected intravenously with
Aspergillus fumigatus (a fungus which causes strong allergic reactions) and
treated for 7 consecutive days with an oral preparation of an extract of
Ashwagandha displayed increased white blood cell activity and prolonged
survival time (Dhuley 1998).The
antifungal activity of Ashwagandha has been confirmed elsewhere, attributed to
a component it contains known as withanolides (Choudhary et al 1995).
-Musculo-skeletal:
A formulation containing roots of
Ashwagandha, the stem of Boswellia serrata (Indian frankincense), rhizomes of
Curcuma longa (Turmeric ) and a zinc complex (Articulin-F), was evaluated in a
randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study in clients with
osteoarthritis.The results
produced a significant drop in severity of pain and disability, although
radiological assessment did not show any significant changes.Side effects were minimal and did not
necessitate the withdrawal of treatment. (Kulkarni et al 1991)
Classical References
Bhavaprakasa, Karsyadhikara, 40-9
Bhavaprakasa, Karsyadhikara, 40
Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Guducyadi
vara, 190
Bhavaprakasa, Rasayanadhikara,
73-13
Bhavaprakasa, Snayukarogadhikara
57-8
Bhavaprakasa, Yonirogadhikara
70-26
Cakradatta
Cakradatta, Rasayanadhikara, 16
Cakradatta, Vatavyadhi cikitsa,
22-90
Cakradatta Vatavyadhi cikitsa,
22/141-145
Cakradatta, Yonivyapata cikitsa
26
Caraka Samhita, cikitsa 17-117
Caraka Samhita, cikitsa 27
Caraka Samhita, Siddhi 10-3
Caraka Samhita, Sutra 3-7, 8,
Vimana 8-144 etc. Cikitsa 2-1, 34 etc. Siddhi, 3-37 etc.
Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Osadha varga,
1045-1047
Raja Nihantu, Satahvadi varga,
112
Raja Martanda
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Abraham,
A., I. Kirson, E. Glotter and D. Lavie.1968. A chemotaxonomic study of Withania
somnifera (L) Dunal . Phytochemistry, 7: 957-62.
Al-Hindawi,
M.K., I.H. Al-Deen, M.H. Nabi, and M.H. Ismail. 1989. Anti-inflammatory
activity of some Iraqi plants using intact rats. J Ethnopharmacol.
Sep; 26(2):163-8
Andallu
B, Radhika B. 2000. Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of
winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root. Indian J Exp Biol.
Jun;38(6):607-9
Aphale
A.A., A.D. Chhibba, N.R. Kumbhakarna, M. Mateenuddin and S.H. Dahat. 1998.
Subacute toxicity study of the combination of ginseng (Panax ginseng) and
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in rats: a safety assessment. Indian
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Archana,
R. and A. Namasivayam. 1999. Antistressor effect of Withania somnifera. J
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C.K. and Schwarting, A.E., 1961. Ashwagandha - An ancient Indian drug. Economic Botany, 15: 256-263.
Bhattacharya,
S.K., K.S. Satyan and S. Ghosal. 1997. Antioxidant activity of
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35(3):236-9
Choudhary,
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Nov; 40(4):1243-6
Dash,
Bhagwan. 1991. Materia Medica of Ayurveda. New Delhi:
B. Jain Publishers.
Davis,
L. and G. Kuttan. 1999. Effect of Withania somnifera on cytokine
production in normal and cyclophosphamide treated mice. Immunopharmacol
Immunotoxicol Nov; 21(4):695-703
Davis
L. and G. Kuttan. 1998. Suppressive effect of cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity
by Withania
somnifera extract in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. Oct;
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Devi, P.U. 1996. Withania
somnifera Dunal (Ashwagandha): potential plant source of a
promising drug for cancer chemotherapy and radiosensitization. Indian J Exp
Biol. Oct; 34(10):927-32
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P.U., A.C. Sharada, and F.E. Solomon. 1995. In vivo growth inhibitory and
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Dhuley,
J.N. 1998. Effect of Ashwagandha on lipid peroxidation in stress-induced
animals. J Ethnopharmacol. Mar; 60(2):173-8
Dhuley,
J.N. 1998b. Therapeutic efficacy of Ashwagandha against experimental
aspergillosis in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. Feb; 20(1):191-8
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United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) 30-Aug-1999
A highly mineralized exudate that oozes from the rocks of mountainous
regions in Asia in the heat of summer, shilajit is a curious resin that
resembles asphalt and smells distinctly like cow urine.Loosely translated from Sanskrit as "conqueror
of the mountains and destroyer of weakness", shilajit's lofty prabhav is that it will cure any cureable disease when combined with
other appropriate medications.(Caraka Samhita)
A note on my research
process
The naturally occurring and medicinal shilajit is sometimes referred
to as asphaltum but is not to be confused with the asphaltum that is derived as
a residue from the refining of petroleum or the natural tar-like substance that
washes ashore from oil seepages beneath the Gulf of Mexico. It is also
often called "bitumen" which refers to a fossilized, tar-like, black and oily
substance which is a natural by-product of decomposed organic materials and
ranges from viscous to hard and brittle.There are documented accounts of coastal aboriginal people using asphaltum
and bitumen for the purpose of sealant, adhesive and paint and as early as the
Neanderthals using it to assemble tools.It is now known that true shilajit has a certain set of characteristic
constituents which account for its evidence based use as a timeless rasayana[1]widely used in Ayurveda.That
being said, an internet search for shilajit may also very well land one in a world
of advertisements for "Indian Viagra" and "the fountain of youth".For the purposes of this article I will
be referring to the humic substance comprised mainly of minerals known as
Himalayan shilajit.
A fair amount of research has been done on shilajit in Eastern
Universities.Unfortunately, I
found that the majority of studies testing medicinal hypotheses of shilajit was
done using animal subjects.
Botany and
ethnobotany
Latin Name: Asphaltum, Asphaltum punjabianum
Common Names:mineral
pitch, vegetable asphalt, bitumen , Jew's pitch,; Silajatu, mumiyo.; Other synonyms
according to Bhavprakash are:adrija,
saila niryasa, gaireya, asmaja, girija ans sailadhatuja;Other
names appearing in formulation are:jatu, jatuna and adrija(The Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part I
& II, 2003)
Plant Nomenclature: It appears that as
it is not a single plant, there is no further taxonomic classification for shilajit.It is simply listed as a "drug of
mineral origin" in the Ayurvedic Formulary.Research at Banaras Hindu University in India reveals via
chemical analysis that shilajit is the result of the humification of resin and
latex bearing plants.(Agrawal, 2003) including Euphorbia
royleana and Trifolium repens.
The primary active ingredients in shilajit
are fulvic acids, di-benzo alpha pyrones, humins, humic acids and trace
minerals.Chemical analysis has shown
that about 80% of the humus[2] components are present in shilajit.
While there are other similar substances
containing fulvic and humic acids, shilajit is differentiated in that it
contains oxygenated di-benzo alpha pyrones.Shilajit collected from different areas does in fact exhibit
differing chemical characteristics and bioactivities, however, the core
composition includes low molecular weight chemical markers, aucuparins, di-benzo
alpha pyrones and triterpenic acids.(Ghosal, 1990)
Ecologic
Status:Shilajit is formed and
found primarily in Asia in the Himalayan ranges in India, Nepal, Pakistan, China, Tibet, and
part of Central Asia and ScandinaviaIt has been found all over the mountains of Europe as well.Millions
of years ago, before the Himalayan mountains were formed, a fertile valley and
lush foliage existed in their place. As the movement of the continents caused
the valley to become the tallest mountain range in the world, the vegetation
became trapped and preserved between the rock formations.Still today, the range continues to
grow 1 cm. per year (U.S. Geological Survey) Due to extreme weather conditions
and temperature variation, rock formations shift and in doing so expose preciousshilajit. Because of its ancient
nature, the vegetation was never exposed to any type of fertilizer, pesticide,
herbicide, or pollution. (Hartman)
Some say that shilajit's origin is not absolutely known.According to others, it was discovered
by Himalayan villagers who observed large white
monkeys migrating to the mountains in the warm summer months. The monkeys were
seen chewing a semi-soft substance that flowed from between layers of rock. The
villagers attributed the monkeys' great strength, longevity and wisdom to the
substance. So, they began to consume it themselves and reported a broad
spectrum of improvements in health. (Hartman)
While there are several areas from which
the raw material is collected, it is thought that the highest levels of
therapeutic ingredients come from the "sacred" mountains, specific areas in the
Himalayas in Nepal at 10,000-12,000 feet above sea level. (Hartman)
It is not readily mentioned what the current supply situation for
shilajit is like.It does come from
an immense source-the Himalayan mountain range, but may be difficult to collect
due to the foreboding nature of the source.
Part used: Purified
Exudate.It is literally the oozing from the
crevices of the rocks on exposure to the heating sun rays of summertime.The exudate that is shilajit appears to
be the result of several factors:composted residue of certain resin or latex containing plants, the local
environment, the temperature, humidity and the geological makeup of the rocks
that it comes from.These varying
factors account for different varieties and the difference in energetics and
chemical constituents.According
to Bhavprakash, there are four
varieties:Sauvarna-gold Silajit (red color), Rajata-silver
(white color), Tamra-copper (blue color),
Ayasa-iron (blackish/brown color) and
referred to as Lauha in other sources.Of these, the black variety appears to be the best for
medicinal use, especially in cases where rasayana
is indicated, although all types are applicable in all conditions.(CH chi,
ch1, v 55-61)
Preparation:Shilajit is eaten by rats and monkeys
in its natural state but it needs to be purified in order to be suitable for
human consumption.Proper
processing of raw shilajit is very important as it
contains free radicals and possibly mycotoxins and fungal toxins. Processing
removes free radicals, polymeric quinone radicals, toxins, mycotoxins, and
other inactive ingredients.(Hartman)
The Ashtanga Hrdayam states that to prepare shilajit, it should first
be washed in plain water and then dried.Then, it should be soaked in a decoction of other medicines (suitable to
the disease to be treated) and then stored in an iron vessel.The ratio is 1:8 (shilajit:decoction)
and boiled down to 1/8.Then it is
filtered and dried.This process
is repeated seven times.(AH
Ut 39, 134-135 )It is commonly
boiled in a decoction of triphala.
According to the Sarngadhara Samhita, crude shilajit is
powdered and then macerated in hot water (or a decoction of Triphala) for several hours. The
maceration is then filtered and the liquid collected in an earthen plate and
exposed to the sun until a scum
begins to form on
the surface. This scum is then skimmed off and dried in the sun until it forms
a hard mass.At this point it is
considered to be pure and can be processed further or "impregnated".Purified shilajit may be maceratedin a decoction of different dravyas chosen specifically for their
medicinal actions in a particular disease.Caraka reads that the
shilajit
should be soaked in this decoction and dried in the sun each day for
7 days, then combined with lauha
bhasma (purified iron) and consumed with cow's milk.(Caldecott,
2006)
Ethnobotany:According to lore shilajit is "amrta" or nectar from God given to
mankind in order to "live long and happy life".It is one of the most important medicines used for centuries
and still today in Ayurvedic medicine.There is
evidence of shilajit in the Indus civilization.(Agrawal, 2003)Traditionally it is known as rasayana and used as a power increasing
tonic, age defying and aphrodisiac.In
Chinese medicine it was used as a kidney/adrenal tonic.
"Mumiyo" is a similar substance (if not
the same) collected by the native peoples of the northern regions of Russia and
Afghanistan(Tillotson,
2001) and used by the people of the former Soviet union.The name is often used interchangeably
with shilajit and bears similar health claims.
Ayurvedic Herbal
Energetics
As mentioned before, there are different varieties of shilajit based
on the factors involved which comprise its makeup.The following information is for the black/brown form coming
from iron and most commonly used in a healing context:(Pole,
2006)
Shilajit's Dravya karma or
ayurvedic plant action is chedana
which is the class of drugs that actively draws out toxins by scratching them
from the tissues.
Karmas:rasayana
(rejuvenative) for kapha & mutra, vajikarana (enhances sexual potency), medhya (enhances intellect), mutrakrcchraghna
(alleviates painful urination), apasmaromadaghna
(alleviates disorders of the nervous system), medohara (reduces fat tissue),
sandhaniya helas broken bones, chedhana
(scratches accumulated toxins from tissues and channels), tridosaghna (alleviates all three doshas)
Shilajit is usually thought of as having ushna virya, but according to Caraka
it is either moderate (neither too cold nor too hot) or shita (cooling) virya.(chi, ch 1, v48-50, 55-61)Caraka
also states that it is slightly amla
(sour) and ksaya in rasa.The varieties are as such, according to Carak:
From gold:madhura (sweet) and slightly ksaya, shita, katu; V/P
From silver:katu, shita, madhura; K/P
From copper:tikta and katu, ushna, katu; K
From iron:tikta, lavana, shita, katu; tridosha
Shilajit used as
medicine
The
aforementioned fulvic acid constituent of shilajit acts as a carrier for di-benzo
alpha pyrones, trace minerals and other nutrients into the deep tissues.They are small lattice shaped molecules
absorbed by plants that need the trace minerals and other nutrients for their
growth. When we eat the plants (or the animals that ate the plants) we ingest
fulvic acids.However, currently,
our depleted soil is lacking the beneficial microbes and plant material to
produce fulvic acids and humus.Fulvic acid removes deep-seated
toxins from the body and trace minerals are
needed as cofactors for enzymes, play important roles in turning food into
energy, maintain the electrical balance in bodily fluids, carry oxygen in the
body, are part of blood and bone, allow nerves to transmit messages and more.(Hartman)(Harsahay Meena, 2010)
Di-benzo alpha pyrones are able to pass the blood
brain barrier (BBB) and act as a powerful antioxidant protecting the brain and
nerve tissue from free radical damage. It also inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase,
thereby increasing acetylcholine.Low levels of acetylcholine are
associated with alzheimers, poor memory and concentration.(Hartman)
Panacea:A cure-allwhich
boosts the curative effect of other herbs.It acts as a catalyst by promoting the action of other tonic
agents.(Lad, 2001)
To name a few, claims are made that shilajit is helpful in:asthma and allergic conditions,gout, rheumatoid arthritis, joint
disorders, antioxidant, anemia, asthma, cystitis, diabetes, dysuria, edema,
epilepsy, gall stones, hemorrhoids, insanity, jaundice, kidney, obesity, sexual
debility, skin diseases, menstrual disorders, and parasites.
Shilajit and
specific conditions and systems
The following tends to be the agreed upon list for which there is more
substantial evidence.
Urinary:Shilajit's action on mutra vahasrotas helps to clear
stagnated vata and kapha and redirects the flow of apana vayu through the
pelvic area.By this token, it can
help clear stagnation of kapha and vata in prostatitis.(Pole, 2006).It is useful in treating painful
urination, cystitis, stones, incontinence and glycosuria.It also acts as a diuretic by
increasing urination, promoting kidney and bladder activity, reduces and
removes toxins and decreases water retention of all tissues.(Tirtha,
1998-2007)
Diabetes:"For these (diseases), treatments which
reduce medas (fat), anila (vata) and slesman (kapha) are desireable
(required)".(AH Su 14, 21-24)Shilajit's affinity for both the fat
tissue and the water channel make it useful in treating diabetes.It enhances peripheral glucose uptake
so is used in hyperglycemia and regulating blood sugar levels.It also scrapes fat making it helpful
in metabolic syndrome (excess weight, high cholesterol, low thyroid and
diabetes).(Pole, 2006)According toSusruta Samhita (15,32-40) obesity can be cured by taking enemas of drugs with liquefying
properties which contain minerals likeSilajatu, cow's
urine, the three myrobalans, honey, barley etc.
A study done
with 61 diabetic subjects who were administered 1000mg of shilajit, twice daily
for 30 days demonstrated antioxidant activity.As an adaptogen, it resulted in the reduction of lipids per
oxidation and may be of benefit as a supplement in the prevention of diabetes
complications. (Nidhi Saxena, 2003)Rat studies have also demonstrated that shilajit produces a
significant reduction in blood glucose levels as well as improving lipid
profile.(N. A. Trivedi, 2004)
Reproductive:Strengthens the entire reproductive
system and is tonic (aphrodisiac) for the sex organs.It treats deficiency and weakness due to high vata in the
female reproductive system with symptoms of weakness, infertility, dysmenorrhea
and PMS, as well.(Pole, 2006)Its spermatogenic effects
are evidenced in a study of male oligospermic patients.(Biswas TK, 2010)In rat studies testing shilajit as a fertility agent, it was estimated that it had both
a spermiogenic and ovogenic effect in mature rats.(Jeong-Sook
Park, 2006)
Mental health:Nootropic[3] and anxiolytic activity.Investigated for its effect on memory, learning and
anxiety and reported that shilajit enhanced the acquisition of learning and
memory in aged rats while exhibiting a marked reduction in anxiety levels.(AK
Jaiswal, 1992)It may also be used
in treating epilepsy.
Bones:Promotes the movement of minerals, especially
calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium into muscle tissue and bone.Shilajit is naturally high in iron and other minerals
making it useful in osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and spondylosis.It is building to both rakta and asthi dhatus and therefore used to heal broken bones. (Pole,
2006)
Lekhaniya:By virtue of its scraping quality
shilajit may remove benign tumors(lipoma, osteoma, uterine fibroid, goiter) and
detoxify breast tissue (sthanya shodan).
Immunomodulator [4]:Shilajit has been
found to be effective in treating allergies and boosting immunity.Di-benzo-alpha-pyrones
and triterpenic acid (humic and fulvic acids) affect the endocrine, autonomic,
and central nervous systems, "bringing about an immunomodulating result by
increasing the activity of macrophages".(Ghosal S. , 1990)Another study on rats showed that white
cell activity rose in accordance with dosage and time after exposure.(Ghosal S. e.)
Tissue Recovery: Shilajit has been used in wound healing,
specifically peptic ulcer, and other inflammation and shown to help in muscle
recovery after exercise.Shilajit increased the
carbohydrate/protein ratio and decreased gastric ulcer index, indicating an
increased mucus barrier.(Goel RK, 1990)Fulvic
acid and 4/-methoxy 6-carbomethoxy bi phenyl, active constituents in shilajit
are found to have ulcer protective effect.(Ghosal S, 1988)
Longevity:The fountain of youth; some say that the
name itself suggests that one can stave off the aging process much as the rock
does.Shilajit exhibits
antioxidative properties (Acharya, 1988) and is
said to cure diseases of aging.It
is an important rejuvenative and tonic, especially for vata and kapha.(Lad, 2001)
Administration:Shilajit is most often given as pills (vati) or powder.
·A paste may be
dissolved in boiled, hot water or milk and taken 2X daily.
·2-3 pills 3X
daily or 500 mg-5g/day (Pole, 2006)
·Caraka Samhita
recommends a minimum dose of 12g/day for two months to attain maximum benefit.
Special classical
formulationsShilajit may
also be used in the following important formulations:
·Chandraprabha which acts as tonic, aphrodisiac and
rejuvenator is said to cure all diseases; especially all twenty kinds of prameha (diabetes), dysuria, urine
retention,renal calculi,
constipation, anaha (enlargement of the abdomen), colic, tumors and cancers of
the penis, hernia, katishula (pain in the waist), dyspnea and cough, psoriasis,
scrotum enlargement, anemia, jaundice, chlorosis, skin diseases, piles,
itching, splenomegaly, anal fistula, disease of teeth, eye disease, menstrual
pain, semen disorders, mandagni,anorexia and other diseases of vata, pitta and kapha. (Sarngadhara Samhita)
·Silajatuvataka (Shilajit pills) made with decoction of indrayava, triphala, neem, patola, mustha,
and sunthi, plus sugar, vamsalochana, pippali, amalaki,
karkatashringi, kantakari, trigandha (tvak, ela and patra), are powdered
together and mixed with honey and made into 10 gram doses are again referred to
as panacea according to the Carak Samhita.(Chi, ch XVI, v)
·Arogya vardhini
·Chyavanprash:a rejuvenative medicated jelly (avaleha)
prepared with sugar or honey
Other
Formulations and combinations:(Pole,
2006)
·Gokshura &
guggulu for stones & prostatitis
·Punarnava &
guggulu for edema & fluid retention
·Gurmar,
karavella, neem, turmeric, black pepper, for hyperglycemia
·Ashwagandha &
gokshura for male reproductive problems
·Shatavari &
licorice for female reproductive problems
·Amalaki, ginger,
& shatavari for anemia
Contraindications:shilajit should not be used in instances
of high uric acid levels or with heavy and vidahi
(hot-natured) foods.(Carak Samhita)
Conclusion
Although on the internet today one will find numerous wild claims that
shilajit will cure nearly anything that ails you, recent research has proven
that there is, in fact, some scientific basis for its fame as a wonder
drug.This strange and mystical
resin has been used by humans for thousands of years in a medicinal context with
positive result and those who support the "evidence based medicine" approach
ofAyurveda can appreciate that
there is a growing body of work pertaining to the exploration of why the ancient texts say it works.Shilajit is truly another gift of
nature and should be respected and applied as such.
Refernces:
(n.d.). Retrieved March 2010, from Merriam-Webster Online:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/asphaltum
(n.d.). Retrieved March 2010, from HolisticOnline.com:
http://www.holisticonline.com/herbal-med/_Herbs/h189.htm
Acharya, S. B. (1988). Pharmacological Actions of Shilajit. Indian
Journal of Experimental Biology, 26 (10), 775-777.
Agrawal, L. T. (2003). Shilajit, The Traditional Panacea: Its
properties. Diabetes Care (26), 2469-2470.
AK Jaiswal, S. B. (1992). Effects of Shilajit on memory,
anxiety and brain monoamines in rats. Indian journal of Pharmacology ,
12-1.
Austin, U. o. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2010, from Texas Beyond
History: the Virtual Museum of Texas' Cultural Heritage: http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/coast/nature/images/asphaltum.html
Biswas TK, P. S. (2010). Clinical evaluation of spermatogenic
activity of processed Shilajit in oligospermia. Andrologia , 48-56.
Caldecott, T. (2006). Ayurveda: The Divine Science of
Life. Elsevier Ltd.
Carak Samhita.
Ghosal S, S. S. (1988). Antiulcerogenic activity of fulvic
acids and 4-metoxy-6-carbomethyl biphenyl isolated from shilajit. Phytother
Res. , 187-191.
Ghosal, S. (1990). Chemistry of Shilajit, an Immunomodulatory
Ayurvedic rasayan. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 62 (7),
1285-1288.
Ghosal, S. (1990). Chemistry of Shilajit, an Immunomodulatory
Ayurvedic Rasayan. Pure and Applied Chemistry , 1285-1288.
Ghosal, S. e. Shilajit-Induced Morphometric and Functional
Changes in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages. Varanasi: Banaras Hindu
University.
Goel RK, B. R. (1990). Antiulcerogenic and antiinflammatory
studies with shilajit. Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 95-103.
Harsahay Meena, H. P. (2010). Shilajit: A panacea for
high-altitude problems. International Journal of Ayurveda Research ,
37-40.
Hartman, D. M. (n.d.). Shilajit: Sacred Soma of the
Alchemists. Retrieved 2010, from Drhartman.com:
http://www.drhartman.com/shilajit_info.htm
Jeong-Sook Park, G.-Y. K. (2006). The spermatogenic and
ovogenic effects of chronically administered Shilajit to rats. Journal of
Ethnopharmacolog , 349-353.
Lad, D. D. (2001). The Yoga of Herbs. Twin Lakes:
Lotus Press.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Retrieved April 2010, from Merriam
Webster's online dictionary: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/humus
Mishra, L. C. (2003). Scientific Basis for Ayurvedic
Therapies.
N. A. Trivedi, B. M. (2004). Effect of shilajit on blood
glucose and lipid profile in alloxaninduced. Indian Journal of Pharmacology
, 373-376.
Nidhi Saxena, P. U. (2003). Modulation of Oxidative and
Antioxidative Status in Diabetes by Asphaltum Panjabinum. Diabetes Care,
26 (8), 2469-2470.
Pole, S. (2006). Ayurvedic Medicine: The Principles of Traditional
Practice. China: Elsevier Limited.
Sarngadhara Samhita.
Shibnath Ghosala, J. L. (1991). The core structure of
shilajit humus. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 23 (7), 673-680.
The Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part I & II. (2003). Civil
Lines, Delhi: The Controller of Publications.
Tierra, M. (1988). Planetary Herbology: an integration of
Western herbs into the traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic systems. Twin
Lakes: Lotus Press.
Tillotson, A. (2001). The One Earth herbal Sourcebook.
New York: Kensington Publishers.
Tirtha, S. S. (1998-2007). The Ayurveda Encyclopedia:
Natural Secrets to Healing, Prevention & Longevity. Bayville, NY:
Ayurveda Holistic Center Press.
Whitehead, D., & Tinsley, J. (2006). The biochemistry of
Humus Formation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 14
(12), 849 - 857.
Yadava, P. K. (2005). Medicinal Plants of Susruta Samhita
(Vol. Vol. 1). France: Vaidya Atreya Smith B.Sc.
[1] A Sanskrit
word referring to a rejuvenative tonic.Much more than a bulk promoter, a rasayana
increases the quality of the body, rebuilds the body/mind, prevents decay,
postpones aging and may even help to reverse the aging process.(Lad,
2001)
[2]According to soil science, humus is defined as any organic matter that has been broken down to the point
of stability, and theoretically, if conditions do not change, remains stable,
unchanged for centuries, if not millennia.It is completely amorphous and no longer has any cellular
structural characteristic of plants, animals or micro-organisms.It forms the organic portion of
soil.(Merriam-Webster)(Whitehead & Tinsley, 2006)
[3] A substance
that enhances cognition and memory and facilitates learning.(Merriam-Webster
Online)
[4] A substance
that affects the functioning of the immune system.(Merriam-Webster Online)
A specie with in the Plumbaginaceae
family is known as Plumbago zeylanicum in Latin or known as Citraka in
Sanskrit. Citraka is recognized by its ability to cure diseases rapidly. Having
an amazing ability to clear toxins, the herb is used for a variety of illnesses
ranging from bronchial difficulties to reducing inflammation. It has a hot
energy and should be used in small amounts. This plant is a perennial shrub
with stout roots, which are cylindrical. A light yellow juice is within the
yellowish brown root. It's nickname is the "spotted one," in correlation to the
leopard who catches it's prey with swiftness, as does citraka, having the
ability to quickly cure disease (Pole, 2006).
Botany and
Ecology
Latin Name:Plumbago Zeylanica
Common Name: White Leadwort
Spotted One
Jvala (flame)
Agni
Citraka, Chitraka, or Chitrak
Plant Nomenclature
Kingdom: plantai- plants
Division: Magnoliophyta -flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Family: plumbaginaceae- leadwort family
Appearance
The Plumbago
Zeylanicahas light blue and white
flowers which rise in the late
summers of India.The flowers have
a tubular corolla with five petal like lobes. The flowers have glanular hairs
which secrete sticky mucilage that my be used for trapping insects as a method
to protect it's pollen. The species includes herbaceous plants and shrubs. It
grows .5-2m high.The leaves are
spirally arranged, simple, entire,5-12cm long with a tapered base. The margin will be hairy. It will grow
from 36 inches to 48 inches tall.
Habitat
The plant lives in India in
wile state. This plant can also be found being cultivated in gardens.Plumbago enjoys subtropical or warm
temperate climates. It can be grown in green houses in cool climates.You may find it in palm groves,
thickets, shandy hummocks, shell mounds, rocky places in open areas.
Primary Constituents
Naphthalene derivatives, plumbagin,
chitranone, amino acids and zeylinon (Pole, 2006).
Nine compounds were isolated as plumbagin (I),
isoshinanolone (II), plumbagic acid (III), beta-sitosterol (IV), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
(V), trans-cinnamic acid (VI), vanillic acid (VII), 2,
5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone (VIII), indole-3-carboxaldehyde (IX). CONCLUSION:
Compounds V, VII, VIII and IX were isolated for the first time from Plumbago
Linn (Cai, 2007).
Contradictions
Should
not be used by children, pregnant or lactating women (Pole, 2006) Also should
not be taken with those who have high pitta.
Ayurvedic Information
Rasa (Taste)
The
Rasas involved with Plumbago. is katu (pungent) and tikta (bitter). It is a
digestive and is easy to digest (Sitaram, 2006).
Virya (Potent Energy)
The
virya of Plumbago. is ushna (heating) (Sitaram 2006)
Vipaka (Post Digestive Effect)
During
the last phase of the digestion, which takes place in the colon, there is a
final effect that manifests from taste. This is called vipaka. The vipaka of
Plumbago. is pungent.Derived from
the pungent substances this vipaka tends to cause hemorrhoids, irritation of
the colon, and dry skin conditions. When consuming more of the bitter tastes
this vipaka can be antipyretic (cooling), having an effect on the reproductive
system, diminishing sperm count. From astringent tastes osteoporosis, pain in
the joints, and giving rise to fistulae and fissures can occur (Lad, 2002). It
aggravates Vata and has a catabolic action.
Srotamsi (Bodily
Channels and Systems)
The
herb Plumbago. works on three channels of the body. The first srotamsi is anna
vaha srotas the digestive tract. Sense Plumbago.has a pungent vipaka is works on the shukra and artava vaha
srotas (male and female reproduction). The third channel is that of majja vaha
srotas, which is that of the nerves.
Therapeutic Value and
Research
Alleviates Kapha and Vata disorders, but will aggravate
pitta. This herb is categorized as a lekaniya or reducing herb, bhedaniya a
breaking down herb, as well as dipaniya an appetizer.( Hergal Cure, 2010).
Anticancer- a
study was taken where plumbagin was isolated from Plumbago zeylanica and had
shown to possess anticancer activity (Karger 2010).A study was taken bySandur in Texas, to show the benefits of chitrak in the development of
cancer.
Agents
that can suppress STAT3 activation have potential not only for prevention but
also for treatment of cancer. In the present report, we investigated whether
5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (plumbagin), an analogue of vitamin K,
and isolated from chitrak (Plumbago zeylanica), an Ayurvedic medicinal plant,
can modulate the STAT3 pathway. We found that plumbagin inhibited both
constitutive and interleukin 6-inducible STAT3 phosphorylation in multiple
myeloma (MM) cells and this correlated with the inhibition of c-Src,
Janus-activated kinase (JAK)1, and JAK2 activation.
Plumbago zeylanica for the
cure of antioxidant and anticancer drugs, as the elements Na, K, Ca, Zn, Fe,
Mn, Sr, Cu and Co are the highest in leaves, followed by those is in roots.
Many anticancer herbs usually show comparatively rich Zn, Mn, Fe, as well as
Cr,Sr and Cu. Plumbago zeylanica exists with abundant Zn, Mn and Fe and a certain
amount of Cr, Sr and Cu (Tan, 2009).
Arthritis Chitraka
has been found to help with joints . Joint pathologies that have a cold, wet,
damp, swelling, and water retention qualities, such as arthritis are balanced
with the use of chitraka (Pole, 2006).
Anti Bacteria
Another study done indicated plumbago zeylancica's ability to kill test
bacteria at the level lower than it's MIC (Ahamd 2007).
Researchers from Physiology Institute of Basic Medical
Science have explored the structure of the herb's active principle to be
similar to that of Vit K (Devi, 2006).
Piles, gulma,
difficult swelling, and promoting diestion are all alleviated with this remedy
from Carak Samhita, which is citraka, dhanyaka, yavani, jiraka, sauvarcala,
trikatu, amlavetasa, bilwa, dadima, qavaksara, pippalimula, cavya. Crushing
this into a paste with ghee and cooked into water making a medicated ghee will
alleviate such pathologies (Drdhabala 1994).
Malabsorption or dysentery, skin diseases, edema,
haemorrhoids, intestinal worms, and cough are all cured from citraka (Sitaram,
2006).For such disorders as
abdominal tumors, sprue, and abdominal pain due to indigestion, one can mix
citraka, nagara, hingu, pippali, pippalijata, chavya, ajamoda, maricha,
sarjika, yavakshara, saindhava, sauvarchala, bida, samudrika. Once mixed into a
juice it can dry in the sun and be taken internally (Sarngadhara, 1997).
Digestion The
root of the plant will increase digestive power and promote appetite. A
tincture of the root is used in secondary syphilis in leprosy and in dyspepsia,
piles, flatulence, loss of appetite and other digestive complaints. Being a
antiseptic the root mixed with oil can be used for rheumatism, paralytic
affections, in enlarged glands, and in cases of buboes. The herb will cure leucoderma.It is a good remedy for post partum
hemorrhage. For scabies skin disorders, and ophthalmic the milk is used.The scraped root when put into the
mouth of the womb will cause abortion of child (Mother Herbs).
Paracites
Plumbago. is also used for worms, indigestion, sprew, bronchial conditions,
stimulates perception, paractolises stimulation, enhances tone of GIT, Chronic
dyspepsia, anorexia, nemonia, stimulates gastric secretions, and kindles
digestion (Class notes, 2010).
Nerves Due to
citraka's ability to stimulate movement within the body it used to move
stagnated kapha due to congestion or weakenss (Pole, 2006).
Conclusion
Plumbago Zeylanica , has been a plant used within the scope
of Ayurvedic medicine, found in the primary text of Ayurveda such as Carak
Samhita,dating back thousands of
years ago.Its properties allowed
it to be favored amongst those with the primary dosha being that of Vata or Pitta.
It works on specific tissues of the body such as the blood, bone, and
reproductive tissues. Citraka has been researched only minimally by science,
but studies have been done to show it's valuable medicinal qualities. Not only
has it been studied to help wit the development of cancer cells, but it has
qualities that will strengthen the digestion, being a remover of paracitical
amebas. Plumbago Zeylanica is a brilliant herb that can be used in human
pathology. It has been well known in the medical field of Ayurveda and within
time will be well researched within science.
References
Aqil F,
Ahmad I.
Antibacterial properties of traditionally used Indian medicinal plants.
2007Department of Agricultural
Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
Devi RS.
Plumbago zeylanica action on blood coagulation profile with and without blood
volume reduction. 2006 Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic
Medical Sciences,
Drdhabala, Carak Samhita, Vol. 2
1994 Second Edition, Globe offset Press, New Delhi, India.
Pole,
Sebation, 2006. Ayurvedic Medicine, the principles of traditional practice.
Elseveir Ltd. Pg. 156.
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of
India, Part 1 Vol. Pg 39-40 Government of India Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare, Ayush,
Tan MX,
Analysis of macroelements and
microelements in Chinese traditional medicine Plumbago zeylanica Linn by
ICP-AESCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
S. Karger AG, Basel. Plumbagin, Isolated from Plumbago
zeylanica, Induces Cell Death through Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer
Cells 2010.
Sandur SKDepartment of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D.
Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 143, Houston, TX 77030,
USA.
Sarngadhara, , Sarngadhara Samhita
Section 2, Third Edition, 1997. Golghar, Near Maidagen.
Sitaram, Bulusu, Bhavaprakasa of
Bhavamisra 2006. Charu Printers, India.
Zhong Yao
Cai. Chemical constituents from aerial parts of Plumbago zeylanica
Linn 2007 Pharmacy of College.
Ponderosais Latin for "having great
weight" from the Latin pondus or
"weight" and refers to the impressive size and stature of the pinus ponderosa or ponderosa pine.A close relative of the pinion pine,
which was revered by many tribes throughout the west and southwest, the ponderosa
may have been overlooked for its medicinal properties by western
herbalists.Abundant throughout
Colorado, its pungent and astringent needles and resin may become an important
constituent of western Ayurvedic preparations.
How the Ponderosa
Pine was chosen
The ponderosa pine was one of the first species presented by
Professor Bunin in our Botany and Herbology class, and was particularly
engaging aesthetically and in sense perception as I discovered its warm and
welcoming scent - sometimes strongly vanilla, sometimes butterscotch, but generally
accepted as a strong deterrent to invading insects such as the pine
beetle.As an anchor in the
landscape which surrounds my Evergreen, CO home, I have close energetic ties to
the ponderosa pine, and have spent many hours studying and meditating under its
limbs.
Searching through the Dr. Vasant Lad's Yoga of Herbs (YOH) and the classic text Aṣṭāῆga Hṛdayam, I found no reference to
the ponderosa pine, with only a brief reference to the white pine (pinus alba) in YOH.After expressing
interest, Alakananda Ma responded affirmatively that she was interested in the ponderosa
pine as "a special part of our local ecology."
Botany and Ecology
The ponderosa pine, pinus
ponderosa C. Lawson of the pinaceae family,
is a majestic tree found throughout the vast majority of the American mountain
west. Varieties of this
species include ponderosa (also known
as the Pacific ponderosa pine) found in California, Nevada, Oregon, and
Washington and in British Columbia, Canada.The variant scopulorum
(or Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine) is more widely distributed and is found
throughout the western United States of Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas,
Utah, and Wyoming and in British Columbia, Canada.This monograph focuses on pinus ponderosa C. Lawson var.
scopulorum.
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Coniferophyta
Class:Pinopsida
Family:Pinaceae
Genus:Pinus L.
Species:Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson
Common Names
Known by many names, which may create confusion among amateur arborists or botanists, the ponderosa
pine is alternatively and colloquially referred to as big heavy, black jack,
bull pine, Montana black pine, pino real (or
"real pine"), ponderosa white pine, pondos, pumpkin (in reference to the
brilliant color of the mature tree's bark), Sierra brown bark pine, silver
pine, western pitch pine, western red pine, western yellow pine, yellow pine, yellowbellies,
and Yosemite pine.
In the Nez Perce language Niimiipuutímt the ponderosa was referred to as lá'qa from which Lewis and Clark called the tree "long leafed
pine."
Appearance
"If you know your west
at all, you know its Yellow Pine." (Peattie, 1991ed.)
The distinguishing characteristic of the pinus genus are its needles: fascicles
(leaves) contain 2-3 needles. Pinus ponderosa can be identified by its
needle length and grouping: needles are 10-28 cm long in groupings of 3s or 2s
with the fascicles crowding the ends of the branches on mature trees.The fascicle groupings are encased at
the base with a tiny papery sheath.
An evergreen gymnosperm
(Latin for "naked seed"), mature ponderosa pines reach heights of 30-50 m with
trunk diameters of 0.6 - 1.3 m, and have a lifespan of 300-600 years.The bottom half of the trunk is frequently
without branches.
Generally, you can spot the ponderosa not only by its great
size and bright, deeply grooved bark, but by its three needles joined in a
bundle, which form a Y to help identify the species.
Morphology and
Phenology (or Lifecycle)
Look up at the great ponderosa.Notice its mass and the shape of its crown.The general shape or morphology of the ponderosa
pine is conical or round-shaped at the crown of the tree.Its bark is orange-brown with an
appearance of scales or plate-like scales, with deep dark-brown or black grooves
between and beneath.
Needles are thin, long, and pointed, with a tooth-like edge
(visible on very close inspection or felt by running your finger over the
edge). Twigs are
substantial, up to 2 cm in diameter, with the needle clusters giving the end of
the twig a tufted appearance.
Young female cones on Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), Marki, Poland. Polski: Młode kwiaty (szyszki) żeńskie sosny żółtej (Pinus ponderosa), Marki, Polska. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Male cones are orange to yellow in color and are found at
the tips of branches in small clusters.Female cones are large and woody, 8-15 cm long, oval in shape, with a
small thorn-like prickle at the end of each scale.
Seeds mature and are shed on a two-year cycle.In the first year, the tree may flower
between April and June.In the
second year the cones mature and shed winged seeds between August and
September.
Habitats and Ecosystems
Ponderosa pine trees can be found in single-species
ponderosa groves or in mixed conifer forests in the mountains and, in Colorado,
are an important part of the forest cover type Interior Ponderosa pine.It is typically a climax stand, bordering grasslands and forests.As defined by the US Forest Service,
climax stands are characteristically warm and dry, and occupy lower elevations
throughout their range.
The US Forest Service recognizes the following ecosystem
classifications for the ponderosa pine:
FRES20Douglas-fir
FRES21Ponderosa pine
FRES22Western white pine
FRES25Larch
FRES26Lodgepole pine
FRES28Western hardwoods
FRES34Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES36Mountain grasslands
Throughout the Rocky Mountains and Utah, in mixed conifer
forests, ponderosa pines can be found amidst the Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, blue
spruce, lodgepole pine, limber pine, and quaking aspen.
Undergrowth (or understory) is often sparse, and includes
grasses and low lying shrubs such as ceanothus, sagebrush, oak, snowberry, bluestem,
fescue, and polargrass (USDA Plant Guide).
Geographic Range
From the USDA Plant Guide, the range for ponderosa pine is
USDA zones 3-7, thriving on soils from shallow to deep, and from gravelly sands
to sandy clay loam throughout the mountains of the American west and up into
British Columbia, Canada.It is a
widespread species.
Ponderosa pine can be seen growing on bare granite (see the
painting illustration on the cover of this report) with its roots in cracks and
crevices.
It prefers slightly acidic soils with a pH of 6.0-7.0 and
rain coverage of at least 30-60 cm average annual precipitation.It has moderate to good drought
tolerance, although extended drought increases susceptibility to invading
insects including a variety of beetles.The ponderosa pine will survive very cold winters.
Medicinal Use
The seeds of the ponderosa pine are edible, and are "perhaps
the best kept secret of all the wild edibles" (Elpel, page 44).
The needles make a pleasant tea, helpful as an expectorant. Medicinally, the needles may be used as
a diuretic.
The Nez Perce Indians used the green needles for dandruff;
pitch served as an ointment for rheumatism or backaches, and heated needles
were used to help deliver the placenta.
It should be noted that when ingested in a relatively large quantity,
over three or more days, ponderosa pine needles induced premature parturition
in pregnant cattle, especially when ingested during the third trimester or
after 8 months of pregnancy.While
no other species were adversely affected (sheep, goats and rabbits were
examined in the 1992 study published in the Journal of Animal Science), and cycling
non-pregnant cattle were not affected, we
should consider the ponderosa pine contraindicated during pregnancy.
Collection &
Preparation
To collect the inner bark, or cambium layer, select a branch
that is very fresh.Make shallow
cuts around the diameter of the branch every foot or two, and cut length-wise
every 2-3 inches.Carefully pull
off the outer bark.This bark can
be scraped for its inner bark, or threaded onto wire or coarse thread (be sure
to oil coat hangers if using, to prevent rusting) and hung to dry in
well-ventilated shade (Moore, Medicinal
Plants of the Mountain West, page 16). The inner bark, or cambium layer, may be chewed raw, like
gum.
To collect needles, hang the branch over a newspaper until
dry.Crush the dry needles and
steep in boiled water for 10 minutes.Strain and drink as a tea.
To collect the resinous pitch, scrape from the outer
bark."For less fussy types, the
pitch may be saved and collected, adhering bark, dirt, bugs, and all" (Moore, Medicinal Plants of the Mountain West,
page 126). Otherwise, melt over as low a temperature as possible, and poor
through a metal sieve to separate the pure from the impure.You will likely need to discard the
sieve, but may attempt to clean it with turpentine if you desire to reuse. Organic solvents like high percentage
alcohol are needed to extract the resin from the plant, if preparing tincture
from pine needles.
To collect the seeds, be aware that the collection period is
short, requiring an observant eye.Watch for the cones to ripen on the tree, and collect them from the tree
as they begin to open up, before they drop their seeds (or nuts). Use a hook to
pull the cones from the tree. If the cones have yet to open, you can encourage
them to open by placing them to dry in a warm, sunny location. Shake the seeds
from the cones when open. You may choose to eat the seeds hull intact, although
commercially prepared pine nuts (from the pinion pine) are hulled. Seeds may be
eaten whole or ground, raw or cooked.
Primary Constituents
The ponderosa pine is a resinous plant.Resins are sticky, semi-solid or solid
at room temperature and are formed from oxidized volatile oils.Resins are not water soluble, requiring
the use of high-percentage alcohol to extract as tincture.
Medicinal Use
Ponderosa pine pitch may be warmed lightly and spread over
the skin or taken internally in tincture form.
Externally, when applied as a poultice, pine resin has a
disinfectant quality, and may help to draw foreign objects (such as splinters)
out of the skin.Resins are
warming and stimulating, and may be helpful when used externally to ease
arthritic joints, back ache, and rheumatism.
Internally, resins are expectorant, diaphoretic and diuretic.They may also be carminative, helping
to ease gas and improve digestion.
As an expectorant, the volatile oils from the pine soothe
the mucous membranes of the throat and are absorbed into the body, helping to
expel phlegm so that it may be more readily coughed up.
A tea may be made from the pine needles and functions as a
gentle expectorant.More
effectively, the inner bark or cambium layer may be slowly boiled and served as
a tea with honey to improve expectorant action.Most effectively, the pitch may be rolled into a ball,
chewed and swallowed, which will soften bronchial mucous producing a very
productive cough.As the resin and
volatile oil constituents are diaphoretic and heating to the body, care should
be taken during fevers, used only to spike a low-grade fever, but never used
with prolonged or high fever.
Taken internally, the pitch may have some benefit in
treating lower urinary tract infections, but should not be used when kidney
inflammation is present.
Contraindications
With excessive use, resins can irritate the kidneys, and should be avoided with use in patients
with kidney problems.
Ponderosa pine needles have been implicated in the premature
parturition of pregnant cattle, and have been used by the Nez Perce Indians to
induce the birthing of the placenta after childbirth.With these effects in mind, ponderosa pine administration should be avoided during pregnancy.
Ayurvedic Information and Use
Ponderosa pine: VK-
P+
Rasa (Taste) - pungent, astringent
Collected and chewed raw, ponderosa pine needles are strongly
pungent and astringent, producing an immediate drying sensation in the
mouth.
Virya (Energy) - heating Ponderosa pine resins are strongly pungent, giving them a heating virya or energy.Pungent herbs improve digestion, stimulate
agni, and ease gas as a carminative, are diuretic, and may be used to purify
the blood and induce sweating during illness as a diaphoretic.
While the needles are astringent in the mouth, the cooling
action of astringency is secondary to their primary pungency, with the net
effect of having a heating virya.
Vipak (Post-Digestive Effect) - pungent
Being primarily pungent and secondarily astringent in taste,
the ponderosa pine resin has a pungent vipak.
Prabhava (Special Potency)
Some native tribes, including Apaches, Hopis, Navajo,
Paiutes and Zunis, collected the seeds of the pinion pine, close relative to
the ponderosa, and revered the pine as deeply important to their culture.
The seeds of the pinus
family resemble the pineal gland in name and shape, acknowledged in Ayurveda
and Yoga as the area of the "third eye."This resemblance, if seen as a "signature," providing a clue to its
usefulness and prahbav, or special
potency, may indicate that the ingestion of pine seeds may stimulate or awaken
the pineal gland.
In native medicine, the fresh sap or gum was also chewed and
swallowed for its laxative and carminative properties. These effects are in direct contrast to
the ponderosa's pungent vipak, which
is said to aggravate vata.Therefore, its prabhava may be calming to vata
in the colon.
Because of their great size, it may be seen that
preparations with ponderosa resins may be building to the tissues.
Srotas
Pranavaha srotas -
the channels which carry the breath or prana.Expectorant.
Annavaha srotas -
the channels which carry the food.May improve digestion and stimulate agni.
Ambuvaha srotas -
the channels which carry water and mutravaha
srotas - the channels that carry urine or the urinary system.Diuretic and diaphoretic.
Rasavaha srotas -
the channels that carry the plasma portion of the blood and tissue.Pungent and aromatic.
Majjavaha srotas - the
channels which supply the bone marrow, nerve and brain tissue; and Manovaha srotas - the channels that suplly the mind or
carry mental energy.If the prabhava is accepted, the pinus ponderosa seeds may stimulate the
pineal gland.
Artavavaha srotas -
the channels which carry the menstruation.Warmed pine needles were used to by Native Americans to help
with the afterbirth; may stimulate apana
vayu.
References and Bibliography
Elpel, T.J. Botany in a Day: The Patterns Method of
Plant Identification. Pony, MT: Hops Press. 2008.
Foster,
Steven.Johnson, Rebecca L.Desk
Reference to Nature's Medicine. Washington, DC: National Geographic
Society.2006.
Habeck, R.
J. 1992. "Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa," In:
Fire Effects Information System, url. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/, accessed 7 December 2010. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
(Producer).
Lad, Dr.
Vasant. Frawley, David. The Yoga of
Herbs. Santa Fe, NM: Lotus Press. 1986.
USDA, NRCS.
2010. The PLANTS Database, url. http://plants.usda.gov, accessed 6 December 2010. National
Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Gotu Kola has been called
"a pharmacy in one herb".It is
classified as one of the Brahmi herbs for its brain enhancing and anti-aging,
longevity-producing properties.It
is also known as the elixir of life.This plant retains "doctrine of signature" status ("like cures like")[6]
as the leaf looks like the cerebellum and is used for intellectual promoting
properties and the roots which are used for numerous ailments throughout the
body resemble the torso of the human body.
In addition to a
reputation as a brain and nerve tonic, Gotu Kola is also used for chronic and
degenerative diseases and to treat numerous ailments such as tuberculosis,
arthritis, leprosy and other skin conditions.Textual reference and outcomes of experienced-based use
support the medicinal and rejuvenative claims of this amazing herb.
Research Process
Information on Gotu Kola
is prevalent as it has been used for centuries throughout India and its
availability and medicinal properties are also well known in Chinese medicine.[13]Classical texts document its use as a
meditation aide and healing remedy.Contemporary peer-reviewed articles and research support the importance
of this herb in the modern-day herbal pharmacy.However, since Ayurvedic medicine treats individuals through
the interaction of the organs of digestion, the tissues and the carrying
channels, in addition to how the herbs are grown, harvested and prepared, the
subtle results recognized from traditional use may be hard to replicate in
dissected clinical studies.Therefore, attempt has been made to substantiate the beneficial claims
of Gotu Kola through information gathered from classical texts:Caraka Samhita, Astanga Hrdayam,
Susruta Samhita, and Textbook of Dravyaguna.In addition, other modern-day resources were consulted such
as Ayurvedic Medicine by
Sebastian Pole and internet research of several referenced websites, including
peer-reviewed articles quoting modern clinical studies.
Botany and Ethnobotany
The Latin name for Gotu
Kola is Centella Asiatica-Folium (Apiaceae).There are numerous plants that resemble Gotu Kola due to
their similar habitat, leaf formation and ground-covering nature and although
they may have medicinal benefits of their own, they fall short of its claims,
lacking all the qualities of this particular medicinal champion.Gotu Kola is also commonly confused
with Bacopa Monnieri (Linn.) Pennell.Though the physical characteristics are noticeably different, it is also
a swampy ground creeper and used interchangeably for some ailments.The Ayurvedic energetics are slightly
different however, and the confusion possibly stems from both being used as brain
tonics and both commonly known as Brahmi.
Adding to the confusion,
as with many plants, are the aliases used in reference.Though the most common Sanskrit name is
Brahmi, it is also known as Manduka-parni (referring to its leaf shape
resembling the webbed feet of a frog), Brahamamanduki, Divya, Jalneem, Thankuni
and several other variations. Some of the English synonyms
are: Asian Pennywort (the leaves
also resemble the shape of a penny or coin), Asiatic Coinwort, Asiatic Pennywort,
Horse-hoof, Indian Ginseng, Indian Pennywort, Indian Water Navelwort, Marsh Penny,
Marsh Pennywort, Pennyweed, Sheep-rot, Spadeleaf, Thick-leaved Pennywort, Water
Pennywort, and White rot.As a
point of interest, it is commonly known as Gotu kola in Chinese.
Gotu Kola does well in sun
or shade and is a tropical perennial which is also grown as an annual in
temperate zones.It is difficult
to start from seed as the seeds can remain dormant for decades until conditions
are conducive to germination.[7]However, as it creeps along the ground in marshy, swampy
soil, it continually re-roots itself at nodes (leaf intersections) creating an
ever increasing mat of ground cover.When grown in greenhouses, the plants sneak down and root under the
benches where the water drains from the plants above.In cooler climates, plants can be potted and brought inside
to a sunny window in the fall and then sent back outside when warmer weather
returns.Gotu Kola bears a small
oval fruit and delicate pink, white or light blue flowers can be found hidden
beneath the leaves.The leaves
have culinary uses and are often eaten as a "preventative" food source in
salads or side dishes.The entire
plant is used for medicinal purposes.It is essential to identify the source of plants used for curative
purposes because it is harvested where it grows (along ditches) and is
susceptible to absorbing water contaminants.
Plant Nomenclature[8]
Latin
name:Centella Asiatica-Folium;
Synonym: Hydrocotyle Asiatica L.
Kingdom:Plantae
Order:Apiales
Family:Mackinlayaceae (Umbelliferae)
Subfamily:Mackinlayaceae of family Apiaceae
Genus:Centella
Species:
C. Asiatica
Ecological Status
Gotu Kola is a native
plant of warmer areas of Africa, Asia, northern Australia, Central America, India,
and even the southern United States.It has a long history of use as a folk medicinal herb, especially in
India and China.
The entire plant is used
for medicinal purposes.The whole
plant, including the root can be dried and powdered and taken orally or used as
a topical ointment.Also, juice
can be extracted from the aerial parts of the plant and the leaves can be eaten
whole.
Throughout history, Gotu
Kola has been referred to as a rasayana (rasayana = rejuvenative measures that
impart biological sustenance to bodily tissues) used to revitalize brain and
nervous system function and combat the effects of aging.Several folklore legends give Gotu Kola
partial credit for claims of longevity and stamina.One famous one involves Li Ching-Yun, who is recorded to
have lived to the unbelievable age of 256).[6]Though these claims seem farfetched and
are difficult to convincingly prove, the existence of these stories does demon-strate
the fact that this herb has been in use as a medicinal rejuvenative throughout
history.
In India, Gotu Kola has
been used as a Medhya Rasayana.Medhya Rasayana slows brain aging and regenerates neural
tissues in addition to providing anti-stress, adaptogenic and memory enhancing
properties. [12]Gotu Kola has also been used for
leprosy and other skin conditions, lupus, varicose ulcers, urinary conditions
and female genital issues.
Below are quotes from
Classic Texts:
The twenty-eighth Chapter of the Cikitsita-Sthāna in the Suśruta
Saṁhitā
deals with elixirs and remedial agents for improving the memory and intellect
and increasing longevity.
Verse 4:Manduka-parni:Prepare by stirring the expressed juice of Manduka-parni with milk and recite the proper Mantras
over it a thousand times.A
portion can be drunk immediately.This drink and a special diet should be continued for three successive
months."This will ensure a long
life of a hundred years in the full vigor of retentive memory and intellectual
faculties, and would impart a god-like effulgence to the complexion."
Verse 5:Brami Rasayana:Taking the expressed juice of Brami as instructed."Continuous use for one week improves
memory, intellect and "imparts a celestial glow to the complexion".Taking for a second week revives old
forgotten memories and increases the ability to write books.Continuing to take the juice for a
third week, allows one to repeat from memory up to one hundred words if heard
or read in a single sitting.In
addition, this continued use for twenty-one days "removes all inauspicious
features whether of the body or of the mind, the goddess of learning appears in
an embodied form to the (mind of the) user, and all kinds of knowledge comes
rushing into his memory.A single
hearing is enough to make him reproduce (verbatim from memory a discourse
however lengthy)", oh and by the way, he is enabled to live for five hundred
years.
Verse 6:Brahmi Ghrta:Two Prastha measures of the expressed juice of Brahmi and one Prastha
measure of Ghee cooked with one Kudava measure of Vidanga seeds, two Pala
weight of each of Vaca and Trivrt, and twelve (in number) of each Haritaki, Amalaka
and Bibhitaka well pounded and mixed together and cooked into a Ghrta."This preparation would give a
favorable turn to one's fortune; impart a lotus-like bloom (to the cheeks) with
perpetual youth, unparalleled intellectual faculties and a life that would
cover a period of three centuries of song and sunshine.This Rasayana affects cutaneousdiseases (Kustha), chronic fever,
epilepsy, insanity, effects of poisons and evil spirits and all other dangerous
diseases.
The first chapter of
Caraka-Samhita, Chikitsasthanam 1:30-31 states, "The use of juice of
mandukaparni," ... "- these rasayana drugs are life-promoting,
disease-alleviating, promoters of strength, agni, complexion, voice and are
intellect-promoting. ... {Thus are the intellect-promoting rasayana drugs}."[1]
Folk Use
Isabell Shipard, How Can I Use Herbs in my Daily Life?
has identified 104 uses for Gotu Kola.[6]
Attention Deficit Disorder
Peptic Ulcers
Auto-immune Diseases
Stress
Gynecological Disorders
Asthma
Low Thyroid
Neuritis
Male Tonic
Menopausal Problems
Eczema
Scrofula
Venereal Diseases
Cirrhosis
Diarrhea
High Blood Pressure
Laryngitis
Stomach Ache
Muscular Atrophy
Fatigue
Sore Throat
Schizophrenia
Thrombosis
Brain Tonic
Respiratory Ailments
Influenza
Blood Purifier
Food Poisoning
Vaginitis
Diabetes
Baldness
Wounds
Age Spots
Nervous Breakdown
Poor Circulation
Insomnia
Retinal Detachment
Dysentery
Liver Problems
Increase Energy
Epilepsy
Pleurisy
Premenstrual Pain
Hair Loss
Blood Disorders
Mycosis Fungoides
Dementia
Infections
Periodontal Disease
Colds
Coughing Blood
Vomiting Blood
Senility
Hemorrhoids
Prickly Heat Rash
Measles
Poor Appetite
Atherosclerosis
Depression
Skin Ulcers
Urinary Tract Infection
Candida
Tuberculosis
Mental Retardation
Sexual Debility
Elephantitis
Fibrocystic Breasts
Gastric
Hypochondria
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Skin Ulcers
Failing Eyesight
Abscesses
Mouth Ulcers
Impotence
Stomach Upsets
Bruises
Scleroderma
Herpes
Cramps
Exam Tonic
Lupus
Bowel Disorders
Fluid Retention
Hepatitis
Swollen Glands
Intestinal Worms
Convulsions
Surgical Wounds
Dermatitis
Joint Mobility
Bowel Disorders
Anemia
Hardening of Arteries
Tingling in Legs
Stimulate the Liver
Bladder
Kidneys
Central Nervous System
High Blood Pressure
Lower Serum Cholesterol
Levels
Immune System
Leprosy
Arthritis
Modern Clinical Use[11]
Gotu Kola is mainly used
for leprosy, venous insufficiency and studies suggest it may be beneficial in
regression of inflammatory infiltration of the liver in cirrhosis, though it is
cautioned that further testing is needed.
Kartnig[16:4]
has compiled a list of clinical applications with references.The three categories highlighted are:
1.Diseases of Skin - Healing of skin wounds, burns,
surgical scars, chronic skin lesions such as ulcers and leprosy wounds.[16:6]
2.Diseases of Veins (Venous Insufficiency) - Scientific
studies of patients with venous hypertension and diabetic microcirculation
showed significant difference in capillary filtration rate, decrease in ankle
circumference and ankle edema and other symptoms.
3.Diseases of Liver
Additionally, several
clinical trials are quoted for:
1.Mental Abilities - Developmentally disabled children
exhibited better overall adjustment, attentiveness and concentration on
assigned tasks.[14:3]Testing of adult acoustic startle response showed statistically significant
lower results after ingestion of Gotu Kola which supports anxiolytic activity.[14:1]
2.Anticancer - Gotu Kola destroyed cultured cancer tumor
cells with no toxic effects detected in normal human lymphocytes.
3.Anti-anxiety/Anti-stress/Sedative - Studies on mice
and rats have show Gotu Kola to have tranquilizing, anti-stress and
anti-anxiety qualities.[17-3]
Gotu Kola is recorded to
have the following properties:[8]
·Adaptogen (increases the body's resistance to stress,
trauma, anxiety and fatigue)
·Anti-viral (inhibit development of viruses)
·Antibacterial (antiseptic that acts against bacteria)
·Anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation)
·Anxiolytic (treat anxiety)
·Diuretic (increases rate of urination)
In addition to:[6]
·Antipyretic
·Antifungal
·Sedative
·Antispasmodic
·Antioxidant
·Tonic
·Digestive
·Vulnerary
·Antibiotic
·Nervine
·Blood Purifier
·Adrenal Strengthener
Major Chemical Constituents[14]
"The major principles in
Herba Centellae are the triterpenes asiatic acid and madecassic acid, and their
derived triterpene ester glycosides, asiaticoside and madecassoside."
This leaf of this plant is
used as a salad green to retain youthfulness and as a quick pick me up.It is common to eat two to three leaves
each day as a preventative.Juice
of Gotu Kola leaves is also used as a general tonic and to relieve
hypertension.Poultice of leaves
can be used to treat open sores as it reduces inflammation and scar tissue
development.
Modern cautions suggest
Gotu Kola not be given to children and to elderly only at a lower dosage.Side effects are reported as rare but
skin rash and liver reaction are cautioned.At high doses, headache, stomach upset, nausea, dizziness
and drowsiness have been mentioned.Because Gotu Kola's medicinal benefits are similar to those anticipated
from some prescription and nonprescription drugs, medications should be
screened for possible interaction.Some to consider are:cholesterol-lowering drugs, diuretics and sedatives (see Constituent
section of this paper).
Constituents[8][11]
·Triterpenoids:Asiatic Acid, Madecassic Acid (connective tissue modulation-collagen and
other tissue proteins in vein and venous wall.)
·Unrelated to Kola nut and does not contain caffeine
In Addition to:[11]
·Volatile Oil Containing VallerinCamphor
·CineoleN-dodecane
·Terpene AcetateTran-B
Farnesene
·Germacrene-DB-Caryophyllene
·P-CymolA-Pinene
·MethanolAlly/mustard
oil
·FlavonoidsKaempferol
·ResinAlkaloid
hydrocotyline
·AsiaticBetulic
·BrahmicCentellinic
·IsobrahmicMadecassic
acid
·QuercetinTannin
·SugarAsiaticoside
·OxyasiaticosideBrahmoside
·BraminosideCentellaside
·MadecassosideThunkuniside
·BittersSterols
·PectinB-sitosterol
Conclusion
Enough evidence exists to
validate the benefits of Gotu Kola are widespread.Though many claims have yet to be accepted by modern
science, many foretold in classic text and seen from current use provide enough
substance to accept this herb as a stable Rasayana in every Ayurvedic
Pharmacy.As far as the longevity
claims of a long healthy life of at least 100 years, I'm halfway there, I think
I'll fix myself a nice cup of Gotu Kola tea.
[13]hong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. Chemical components of
Centella asiatica and their bioactivities, Zheng, CJ, Quin LP, 2007
May;5(3):348-51,
Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical
University, Shanghai 200433, China, PMID:17498500
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1.Bradwejn J, Zhou
Y, Koszycki D, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects
of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy
subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:680-684.
2.Nalini K, Aroor
AR, Karanth KS, et al. Effect of Centella asiatica fresh leaf aqueous
extract on learning and memory and biogenic amine turnover in albino rats. Fitoterapia.
1992;63:232-237.
3.Appa Rao MVR,
Srinivas K, Koteshwar Rao T. "The effect of Mandookaparni (Centella
asiatica) on the general mental ability (medhya) of mentally retarded
children". J. Res Indian Med. 1973;8:9-16.
4.Mohandas Rao KG, Muddanna Rao S., Gurumadhya Rao S.Enhancement of Amygdaloid Neuronal
Dendritic Arborization by Fresh Leaf Juice of Centella asiatica (Linn) During
Growth Spurt Period in Rats.Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal 576 104,
India.Evid Based Complement
Alternat Med 2009 Jun;6(2):203-10. Epub 2007 Aug 13.
5.Ram Harsh Singh Æ K. Narsimhamurthy ÆGirish Singh, Neuronutrient impact of Ayurvedic Rasayana therapy
in brain aging Received: 2 April 2008 / Accepted:
26 September 2008 / Published online: 18 October 2008, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 200
6.Singh RH,
Narsimhamurthy K, Singh G. Neuronutrient impact of Ayurvedic Rasayanatherapy in brain aging.Biogerontology.
2008 Dec;9(6):369-74. Epub 2008 Oct 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 18931935.
[15]Venous Insufficiency
1.Belcaro GV,
Grimaldi R, Guidi G. Improvement of capillary permeability in patients with
venous hypertension after treatment with TTFCA. Angiology. 1990;41:
533-540.
2.Belcaro GV, Rulo
A, Grimaldi R. Capillary filtration and ankle edema in patients with venous
hypertension treated with TTFCA. Angiology. 1990;41:12-18.
3.Cesarone MR,
Laurora G, De Sactis MT, et al. The microcirculatory activity of Centella
asiatica in venous insufficiency. A double-blind study [translated from
Italian]. Minerva Cardioangiol. 1994;42:299-304.
4.Pointel JP,
Boccalon H, Cloarec M, et al. Titrated extract of Centella asiatica
(TECA) in the treatment of venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. Angiology.
1987;38:46-50.
[16]Skin Ailments and Wound Healing
1.Shukla A, Rasik
AM, Jain GK, et al. In vitro and in vivo wound healing activity of asiaticoside
isolated from Centella asiatica.J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;65:1-11.
2.Bradwejn J, Zhou
Y, Koszycki D, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects
of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy
subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:680-684.
3.Klovekorn W, Tepe
A, Danesch U. A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, half-side
comparison with an herbal ointment containing Mahonia aquifolium, Viola
tricolor, and Centella asiatica for the treatment of
mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther.
2007;45:583-591.
4.Kartnig T. Clinical
applications of Centella asiatica (L.). Herbs Spices Med Plants.
1988;3:146-173. (Scar Tissue)
5.Bosse JP, Papillon
J, Frenette G, et al. Clinical study of a new antikeloid agent. Ann Plast
Surg. 1979;3:13-21. (Scar Tissue)
6.Bonte F et al. Influence of asiatic
acid, madecassic acid, and asiaticoside on human collagen I synthesis. Planta
medica, 1994, 60:133-135.
[17]Other Studies
1.Agrawal A, Dubey
M, Dubey G. Effects of Mentat on memory span, attention, galvanic skin
resistance (GSR) and muscle action potential (EMG) among normal adults. Pharmacopsychoecologia.
1990;3:39-42.
2.Sharma AK, Agrawal
A, Agrawal U, et al. Influence of Mentat (BR-16A) on memory and mental fatigue
in cases of anxiety neurosis and depression. Ind J Cancer Res.
1990;3:27.
3.Chatterjee TK, Chakraborty A,
Pathak M. Effects of plant extract Centella asiatica L. on cold
restraint stress ulcer in rats. Indian journal of experimental biology,
1992, 30:889-891.
Dog Rose - Rosa canina. This simple but beautiful rose flowers in June and July. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Author: Nellie
Shapiro
Date of Report: 11.26.10
Herbology class,
Alandi Ashram, Boulder, CO
Instructor: Jane Bunin, PhD
Introduction
Rosa canina belongs to theRosaceae family. Many of the Rosaceae are thorny, and most
are characterized by the presence of stipules on the leaf.The flowers having five sets of
parts.The fleshy fruit is called a
rose hip is not a true fruit. The rose hip is derived from large part from a
cup-shaped enlargement of the flower stalk (calx), within its cavity are numerous
carpels or true fruits.
Rosa canina ranges in height from 1-5 m and its stems
are covered with small sharp spines. The flowers are pale pink, 4-6 cm diameter
with five petals, and matures into an oval 1.5-2 cm red-orange fruit, the rose hip.
The fruit is valued for its high vitamin C level.
Rosehips have
been used by many cultures for centuries. Рекомендации по его использованию есть и в тибетской
медицине, и в работах Авиценны, и даже в рукописях библейских времен. Recommendations for its
use exist in Tibetan medicine, and mentioned in the works of Avicenna, and even
in manuscripts of biblical times. Но к лечению любым средством нужно подходить
осторожно.
How the plant was chosen
When I was
looking for the plant to write about, I remembered rosehips, a very popular
home remedy in Russia. There is much information written on the uses of the leaves
and flowers, but not much about the fruit.Textbooks, herbal anthologies, internet searchers and first
person interviews were the sources used to research this monograph.
Other Rosa
species: Rosa lutetiana; Rosa alba; Rosa
centifolia; Rosa damascena; Rosa gallica, Rosa provincialis , Rosa rugosa; Rosa
villosa,Rosa pomifera.
Common Names: Apothecary Rose, Cynosbatos, Dog Rose, Dog Rose Hips,
Églantier, Gulab, Heps, Hip, Hip Fruit, Hip Sweet, Hipberry, Hop Fruit, Persian
Rose, Phool Gulab, Pink Rose, Rosa de Castillo, Rosa Mosqueta, Rosae
Pseudofructus Cum Semen,Satapatri, Satapatrika, Shatpari, Wild Boar Fruit.
The leaves of Rosa canina are alternate. A rose's flower has two types of modified leaves, the sepals and the
petals. Sepals are the protective green wrapper leaves that surround the flower
bud as it develops. When the flower opens, the sepals turn backward, exposing
the petals. As the petals unfurl, you can see that they are connected to the
base of the flower where the sepals are also connected. The petals are the
fragrant parts of the rose flower, and they carry the color. Both fragrance and
color are attractants to pollinating insects.It is noted for attracting wildlife.
The flowers are
hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees,
flies, beetles, Lepidoptera (Moths & Butterflies), Apomictic (reproduce by
seeds formed without sexual fusion). The plant is self-fertile. They open in
June and July and mature into an oval 1.5-2 cm red-orange fruit, or hip in
autumn.
Habitats,
ecosystems, geographic range:
Rosa canina is a scrambling shrub-like species native to
Europe, northwest Africa and western Asia. It has been introduced to North
America during early colonization.. During World War II in the United States Rosa canina was
planted in victory gardens, and can still be found growing in wet, sandy areas
up and down the eastern U.S. coastline. Rosa canina is frequently around the edges of woods, hedges, garden fences. Rosa canina may also be found
growing naturally in open areas, such as meadows, pastures and wasteland.
In Colorado,
this author hasfrequently see Rosa canina at both 5,000 and
10,000 feet.
Time
of growth, flowering and fruiting (phenology)
Rosa canina seeds often takes two years to germinate. This is because it may need a
warm spell f weather after a cold spell in order to mature the embryo and
reduce the seed coat. The flowers of the Rosa canina are in bloom from June to July. Rosa caninahips usually grow approximately 30 mm in
diameter, but have a flimsy layer of flesh that encloses numerous seeds. The
fruits or hips of Rosa. canina are usually vivid red and harvested during fall.
Ecological
Status
Rose Canina is considered an invasivein
some areas like the high country of New Zeland. It is recognised as displacing
native vegetation butnot
considered to be a conservation threat.
Medicinal information
Collecting
Hips, leaves and
flowers are used. The fruits or hips of the Rose Caninaare collected during fall.The numerous carpels or true fruits
must be carefully removed before it is used for pharmaceutical purposes. The
flowers are collected when in full bloom.
PREPARATION AND USES
Pharmaceutical
companies have used Rose
Caninaand
it was in the official British Pharmacopoeia for refrigerant and astringent
properties.Now only used in allopathic
medicine to prepare a confection of hips used in conjunction with other drugs.The pulp being separated from the skin
and hairy seeds and beaten up with sugar.
Herbalists place Rose Canina in high regard. The petals, hips and galls are astringent, carminative, diuretic, laxative,
smoothing eyes and as a tonic. Rose Canina is considered strengthening to the stomach and useful in diarrhea and
dysentery, allaying thirst, and for its expectorant qualities good for coughs
and spitting of blood. Culpepper states that the hips are "grateful to the
taste and a considerable restorative, fitly given to consumptive persons, the
conserve being proper in all distempers of the breast and in coughs and
tickling rheum" and that it has "a binding effect and helps digestion." He also
states that "the pulp of the hips dried and powdered is used in drink to break
the stone and to ease and help the colic." The leaves of the Rose Caninawhen
dried and infused in boiling water have often been used as a substitute for tea
and have a grateful smell and sub-astringent taste.
The hips of the Rose Caninaare
widely utilized in preparing the rose hip syrup, especially for consumption by
young children. The rose hip syrup is not only healthy, but also a nourishing
beverage. Since the fruits of Rosa canina contains tannins, they are also used
to prepare a medication to treat diarrhea. The Rose Caninahips also possess diuretic
properties and therefore recommended to treat water retention. Rose Canina is especially
helpful in increasing the urine outflow. This action of the Rose Caninahips
also helps the body to eliminate the wastes and toxins. Additionally, Rose Caninahips are
also effective in satisfy thirst and assist in alleviating stomach
inflammations.
The petals,
fruits as well as the galls (abnormal growths on plants caused by insects etc.)
of Rose Caninapossess
therapeutic properties and are used to treat a number of medical conditions. These
petals, fruits and galls of Rose Canina are carminative (help in alleviating flatulence),
astringent, and laxative, diuretic, ophthalmic as well as stimulants. The hips
are extensively taken internally to treat conditions, such as influenza, colds,
scurvy, gastritis, trivial contagious ailments and diarrhea. Rose Caninaalso
help in gout and rheumatic complaints. Decoction of rose hips are also
effective for increasing hemoglobin. The Rose Caninaplants are used to prepare
a type of distilled water that is somewhat astringent and commonly used as a
lotion for sensitive skin. The
seeds of Rosa canina are known to be vermifuge helping in getting rid of worms
in the intestines.Rose Canina is also used as aBach flower remedy, a homeopathic preparation balancing the
emotional states of 'Apathy' and
'Resignation'. The hips Rose Caninacontain high levels of vitamins and minerals. Caninais particularly rich in
vitamins A, C , E , flavanoids. In addition, the hips of the Rose Caninaare also
a significant natural resource for fatty acids, something that is very uncommon
in fruits. Rose
Canina hips
are said to aid in the development of collagen and reduce stress. There seems
to be some medical studies that indicate that rose hips may be also beneficial
in the prevention of certain types of cancer, for treating rheumatoid
arthritis, and preventing the development of kidney stones.
The fruits or
hips of the Rose
Caninamay be consumed raw or cooked. They are widely used to prepare jams,
syrups and other such substances. Some people also use the Rose Caninahips to
prepare an herbal tea. It is interesting to note that frost make the fruits
softer as well as sweeter. People consuming the Rose Caninahips raw should do it cautiously by eliminating the hair-like
layer beneath the seeds. Rose Canina has been used as a food.People dry and pulverize them before mixing them with flour. The
grounded seeds are also added with other foods and used as dietary supplements.
The leaves of Rosa canina leaves are dried and used as an herbal tea,
substituting for genuine tea leaves. Another suggested use is as a substitute for coffee.The pink or whitish petals of Rosa
canina are also edible and may be consumed raw or cooked. While the petals have
a pleasant flavor.The base of the
petals may taste bitter and need to be removed before eating the petals. In
China, people consume Rose Caninapetals considering it as a vegetable. An amateur botanist has told me
that he had made an extraordinary jam from Rose Canina.The roots of the Rose Canina which has the common name of the dog rose are used in treating a bite from a mad
dog. It has even been reported that Rosa
canina, dried and then smoked
with tobacco produced mild
hallucinogenic effects and abnormal dreams.
Russian Folk
Remedies and Pharmaceuticals
Classic Drink: 5 с.л. 5 tbsp сушеных ягод измельчить, залить водой,
кипятить в течение 10 минут. crushed dried berries, add water, and
simmer for 10 minutes. Этот
напиток нужно настоять 2-3 часа, чтобы все целебные свойства перешли в
воду. Drink after 2-3 hours, so that all the healing properties
passed into the water. Пить как
обычный чай или сок, добавляя мед или любые соки по вкусу. Take as
much as regular tea or juice, adding any juices or honey to taste.
Для нормализации
артериального давления при гипотонии
следует сделать настой из шиповника на водке. For the low blood
pressure, tincture of rose hips should be taken. Возьмите пол литра
водки и сто граммов сухих плодов шиповника (можно использовать и свежий
шиповник). Take half a liter of vodka and one hundred grams of dried rose
hips (you can use fresh rose). Плоды тщательно измельчите, залейте водкой и
подержите в темном месте полторы недели. Fruits are carefully
chopped, pour vodka and soak in a dark place for 10 days. Пить настойку нужно
трижды в день до еды по двадцать капель. Drink tincture up to
three times daily before meals (twenty drops).
При воспалительном процессе среднего уха , сопровождающемся
выделением гноя, крепко заварите цветы шиповника.Inflammation of the middle ear,
accompanied by the release of pus, Объедините отвар с таким же количеством сока
моркови. Mix strong tea of rosehip flowers with the same amount of carrot juice.
Капайте
в больное ухо. Use as eardrops.
При воспалении предстательной железы делайте чай из
плодов шиповника, очищенных от семян. Inflammation
of the prostate gland - make tea from rose hips fruit, seeded. На 250 миллилитров
кипящей воды возьмите одну столовую ложку очищенных плодов. To 250 milliliters
of boiling water add one tablespoon of peeled fruit. Подержите полчаса в
тепле. Steep for 30 min.
Rose Hip Oil:
Масло шиповника вырабатывается из семян, которые содержатся
в плоде растения. Rose Hip Oil is produced from the seeds, which are contained in
the fruit of the plant. В них
есть много витамина С, А и Е, поэтому средство это высокоэффективно.
They have a lot of vitamin C, A and E, and therefore means it is highly
effective. Оно хранится не больше
трех месяцев, т.к. It is stored no longer than three months since эфирные вещества быстро улетучиваются.
volatile substances evaporate quickly.
Масло применяется для регенерации тканей, для разглаживания
шрамов или для улучшения цвета кожи. Oil is used for tissue regeneration, to
smooth scars or to improve color. Причем оно эффективно даже при застарелых и глубоких шрамах.
And it is effective even for old and deep scars. С помощью масла шиповника лечится псориаз,
нейродермит, экзема, дерматоз. Good for psoriasis, atopic
dermatitis, eczema, dermatitis. Для
лучшего эффекта его смешивают с лавандовым маслом. For best
results, mix it with lavender oil. Применяют также при лечении стоматитов, гингивитов, пролежней,
трещин сосков и ожогов. Also used in the treatment of stomatitis,
gingivitis, ulcers, cracked nipples and burns.
Масло шиповника - отличное увлажняющее средство, поэтому
его с успехом применяют для ухода за сухой и увядшей кожей. Rose Hip Oil - an
excellent moisturizer, so it is successfully used for dry and mature
skin. Оно также способно защитить
кожу от вредного воздействия солнечных лучей. It can also protect
skin from harmful sun rays.
Сок шиповника :Juice hips: Сок шиповника обладает всеми
полезными свойствами плодов. Rosehip juice has all the beneficial
properties of fruits. Приготовить
его можно так: свежие плоды шиповника помыть в холодной воде, затем
обсушить и вынуть семена. You can
cook it this way: fresh rose hips wash in cold water, then dry them and
remove the seeds.Бланшировать
плоды 2 минуты в кипящей воде, чтобы размякли, затем растереть пестиком
или протереть через сито. Blanch fruits 2 minutes in boiling water,
so gone soft, then grind with the pestle or rub through a sieve. В отвар плодов добавить мед или сахар
(на 1л воды 200г мёда или сахара). In decoction of fruit add sugar
(for 1 liter of water 200g of sugar). Полученный сироп смешать с протертыми плодами, довести до
кипения и разлить в горячие банки, немедленно их закатать. The
resulting syrup is mixed with mashed fruit, bring to a boil and pour into
hot jars, immediately roll them.
Physicians
in Russian hospitals and clinics prescribeHolosasan extract
of Rose Canina hip.The indications are:restoring normal liver function,
increase bile production, stimulate immune system and as an anti-inflammatory.
1.Rose essence is one of the
safest substances for healing. It has been primarily used for Anti-stress
therapy. If someone is depressed, having anxiety or feeling mentally exhausted,
the smelling Rose
Caninaessence helps immediately.The mind get freshness. Nervous system gets relief and a calm, soothing
stage of mind is attained.
2.It is helpful in women's Gynecological disorders, including menopausal
symptoms. If used before menstrual
cycle, it reduces P.M.S. problems.
3.It reduces excessive heat of the body.
4.It has cleaning effect on liver, kidneys and spleen.
5.It increase smoothness,
reduce wrinkles on the face and helps the skin of the body glowing and
charming.
6.It is good for respiratory disorders.
7.It has been used to mask the taste of many obnoxious food dishes as well
as to make them tastier to eat due to its rich and smooth flavor.
8.It is useful in reducing extra fat from the body and make body slim.
9.From the time of Queen
Cleopatra most of the Persian, European and Indian Queens loved Rose for its
wonderful healing qualities due to its soothing and cooling effects.
10.After a whole day's hard
work, in the early evening, Ayurvedic Doctors recommends Rose drink for refreshing
and a romantic evening. This drink is called "Gulab Lassi".
Fenugreek Leaves is known as Qasuri Methi in urdu, Qasure is a district in Punjab near Lahore. Qasuri Methi is known form its flavor. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Introduction
Methi
is one of the oldest medicinal plants in history; a description of this plant
was found on the Ebers Papyrus
1550 BC Egypt, one of the two oldest maintained medical documents (Brier,
1998). Methi
has, through the times, been used for a variety of health conditions such as
diabetes, fever, anorexia, cough, bronchitis, swellings, burns, abscesses,
ulcers, sprue and other digestive issues. Addtionally, methi has been used to
treat menopausal symptoms, inducing childbirth and stimulation of milk production in
breastfeeding women. This paper discusses the western and ayurvedic botanical nomenclature,
ethnobotany and research trials supporting the health benefits of methi.
Research process
Methi
has been around for thousands of years and used as a medicine, spice, and food
for both humans and animals. A wealth of information is available and numerous studies
have been made on its therapeutic effects. The research process for this
monograph began by diving in to the ayurvedic text of Bhavaprakasha and the Ayurvedic
Pharmacopoeia. The exploration continued online and with a discerning
attitude, scholarly articles and acknowledged references have been chosen to
give as much of an authentic presentation as possible.
Trigonella
foenum-graecum Linn., foenum-graecum means Greek hay (Kowalchik,
1998). Methi possibly got this name based upon its use as a fodder crop prior
to the discovery of its medicinal values in ancient Egypt (Kowalchik, 1998). Katzer,
an Austrian chemist, has collected information from various etymological
dictionaries and explains that the wordTrigonella comes from Greek trigonon
(triangle) which is composed of treis (three) and gony (angle). Trigonella foenum-graecum L.has flowers which are somewhat triangular
shaped and three leaflets which may be what trigonon
refers to.
Germanic languages are closely related in their
names for Trigonella foenum-graecum L., for example in German it is called Bockshornklee, in Danish Bukkehornskløver,
Swedish Bockhornsklöver and Norwegian Bukkehornkløver
which all mean buck horn's clover. The pods are long and pointed and
were likely compared with the horns of a Billy goat (refer to the picture on the right of the pods).
Common Names
Fenugreek, Bird's Foot, Greek Clover, Greek Hay, Greek Hay
Seed (NMCD). The following
names of methi
used in different languages have been collected by Katzer:
The Fabaceae family
is one of the most important plant families both ecologically and economically.
The plants of this family increase soil nitrogen and provide sources of
vegetable protein for domestic and wild animals as well as human beings (Lavin,
2001). Especially the wild variety of methi
is useful for horses (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).
Appearance
Methi
is an aromatic plant resembling a large clover that reaches from 30-60 cm (1-2
ft.) (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).
FLOWERS
The flower of Methi
is white or yellowish white, axillary, and has 5 petals which make up what is
referred to as banner, wing and keel. The banner is the largest upper petal and
has two lobes, which is why it appears as being two petals fused together. Two
smaller petals form the wings, and the last two are usually fused together and
make up the keel below the wings (Elpel, 2008; Bhavaprakasha, 2006).
LEAVES
A distinct characteristic of the Fabaceae family are the pinnate and trifoliate compound leaves. They
are deciduous during the dry season in the tropics or during the winter in
temperate regions (Lavin, 2001). The leaflets are toothed (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).
The flowers produce seed pods that are six inches (15 cm) long
and resemble string beans, but Methi fruits grow upright. Each pod contains 10
to 20 dull yellow, smooth, hard, and elongated seeds. They are shaped like a rhomboid
and have a deep groove running obliquely from one side which divides each seed
into two parts; a larger .2-.5 cm long and smaller .15-.35 cm. The seeds become
mucilaginous when soaked in water (ayurvedic pharmacopeia, 1999), contain high
amounts fiber and protein,
and are collected in the fall
(Turner, 2005). The fruit pods are 2-3 inches (5-7½ cm) long with long persistent beak.
Habitat, ecosystems and geographic range where found
Methi
is a hardy and fast growing plant that grows on field edges, uncultivated land,
hillsides and dry grasslands. It grows in just about any type of soil but requires
sunlight (Huxley, Fern, 1997).
Methiis native to southeastern Europe, northern
Africa, and western Asia,
and is widely cultivated in other parts of the world (Turner, 2005). It grows
abundantly throughout India, but especially in the north western state
Rajasthan, where it is used as a food and spice in many traditional families (Mathur,
2009). India occupies 70-80% of the world's export share, and Rajasthan delivers
83-90% of this share (Pruthi, 2001; Agarwal, 2001).
Phenology (time of
growth, flowering and fruiting)
Methiis an annual
plant that lives for only four to seven months (Petropoulos, 2002).
The flowering period is in the summer
(from June to August), and the seeds are ripe from August to September. The
flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated
by insects (Fern, 1997).
Ecologic Status
(widespread, uncommon, weed)
Fabaceae, the Pea
family (including beans and peanuts), is the third largest of plants after the
Orchid and Aster families; there are 600 genera and 13.000 species (Elpel, 2008).
According to Halevy(1989), there are about 130
species of Trigonella, of which, the
following are the most known:
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.has been
classified in several ways (Petropoulos, 2002). Serpukova (1934)
classified the seeds according to shape, size and
color while Sinskaya (1961) made his categories based upon growing period,
habits and morphological characters.
Plant Parts
Methi leaves and
seeds are used in cooking and medicinally. The seeds have great therapeutic
value and the powdered dried seeds are an important medicine in Ayurveda. Besides
its medicinal appreciation, the seeds are used in varieties of ways throughout
the world. They have a maple smell and flavor which make them a unique spice in
foods, beverages and confections. Seeds are sprouted and eaten raw in salads
along with the fresh green leaves or cooked into curries, soups, breads and
many other recipes (Turner, 2005). Refer to the appendixes at the end of this
paper for recipes using methi.
Sprouts: Soak 1-2 tsp seeds in water overnight. Pour
that water off the next day and rinse seeds with clear water. Place the seeds
in a sprouter and rinse with water daily. The sprouting process takes about
five days (Bonyata).
In
Egypt and Ethiopia, the seeds are used in sweets and as a supplement to wheat
and maize flour for making bread (Al-Habori, 1998). Armenians use the seeds
with garlic paste and chile pepper in a spice called chemen, Yemenite
Jews use them in a seasoning called zhug, and in the United States, seeds are used in bean soups,
chutneys, spice blends, icing and meat seasoning (Uhl, 2000). In Greece, the seeds
are boiled and eaten with honey, and in Africa they are soaked and used as
legume. The dry seeds are also roasted and used as a coffee substitute (Pruthi,
2001; AKA, 2000).
Other ways the seeds are used:
Tea: 1 tsp whole methi
seeds steeped in boiling water for 15 minutes. Drink three or more times a day
(Bonyata).
Poultice: Steep several ounces of seeds in about a
cup of water. Let them cool and mash. Place the paste on a clean cloth and use (Bonyata).
Facial Scrub: Soak 2 Tbsp seeds in 1 Tbsp plain live
yogurt for an hour, then blend coarsely to a paste. Gently rub this on to the
face and neck using circular movements and wash off after 15 minutes (India Abroad, 2002).
The seeds are also used as veterinary medicine. They are
mixed with cottonseed and given to cattle to enhance milk production. In rural
areas of the state Bihar, they are applied over swellings and wounds in cattle
and given to ruminants and poultry with diarrhea. The seeds are considered
useful in ruminants after calving and are sold as nutritional supplements for
horses and cattle (Jha, 1992; IIRR, 1994).
Extracts nowadays are used in maple
syrup imitations and cosmetic products, and due to its antifungal and
antibacterial properties, the seeds have shown to be suitable as packaging
paper to preserve foods; in 2002, a high school student from Maryland won an
award for this invention (Turner, 2005).
Ethnobotany
During the time of Antiochus IV. Epiphanes, the king of
Syria from 175 BC. until 164 BC., a mixture of methi, cinnamon, spikenard, saffron, amaracus and lilies are said
to have been used as perfume (Leyel, 1987).
In ancient Egypt, methi
was used in embalming processes and for incense (Marcolina, 2004). At the Royal
Botanical Gardens in London, methiwas
discovered to be among the supplies placed in the Egyptian boy-king Tutankhamen's
tomb by his subjects to ensure he did not suffer from hunger in the afterlife.(Chicago
Sun-Times, 1988). Egyptians also roasted methi
seeds as a coffee and ate the sprouting seeds as vegetables (Stuart, 1986).
Methi
was a favorite of the Arabs. It was studied at the School of Salerno by Arab
physicians and had great importance in Hadith. According to Qasim Bin Abdul
Rehman, Rasulullah said, "Seek cure by (using) fenugreek," and Hadith
Rasulullah, "If my followers (Ummat) know the importance of the fenugreek then
they will buy it by gold of equal weight" (Ghaznavi, 1991).
Methi
is mentioned in the Mishna, the 'Oral Torah'which was the first
major written redaction
of the Jewish oral traditions, as an herb used as offering (Jerusalem
Post, 1995). Methi was also used
during the final attacks of the Romans on Jotapata in Galilee when Josephus
commanded methi to be boiled and poured over the siege ramps to make the
Romans slip and fall; the mucilage content of methi produces a slippery paste (Jacob, 1993).
During the 1st century
in Rome, Asclepiades, physician and originator of massage and friction, used methi as ageneral remedy (Thompson, 1897).
Benedictine monks are said to have introduced
methi to central Europe (Stuart,
1986), and hunting tribes used methi
in fishing. Due to its content of saponins, which is toxic to fish, large quatities
of methi
would be placed in lakes or stream to slow down or kill the fish. Saponins are
not absorbed well in the human body and thus do not cause harm in people (Fern, 1997).
Ayurvedic Properties
In
the ayurvedic pharmacopeia (1999), the following energetics are given for methi seed:
Bhavaprakasha (2006)
is in agreement with the ayurvedic pharmacopeia that methi seeds reduce vata and kapha, however, the textbook of dravyaguna claims the following
properties and actions (Nichteswar, 2007):
Rasa(taste):
katu (pungent)
Virya: ushna (heating)
Vipaka(post digestive effect): katu (pungent)
Guna(quality): laghu (light), snigdha
(unctuous)
Karma(actions): diipana (digestive), vaatahara
(pacifies vata) and raktapitta when entered into the prakopa stage of samprapti (disease process).
Note the different rasa,
vipaka, guna and karma.
According to Lad (1988), methi
acts on the following dhatus (bodily
tissues): rasa (plasma), rakta (blood), majja (marrow and nerve), shukra
and artava (reproductive), and the
following srotas (bodily systems): anna (digestive), prana (respiratory), mutra
(urinary), shukra and artava (reproductive).
Knowing the chemical
constituents of a plant is important in order to determine specific health
effects. During a study of observing different varieties of methi genotypes, it was discovered that
methi plants can vary in chemical
constituents (saponins, fibre, protein, amino acids and fatty acid contents) as
well as in morphology, growth habit and seed production capability. However, the
research results show that the variability for important traits in methi have a genetic base, which allows
for improved levels of possible traits (Acharya,
2006).
In addition, Barnes (2002),
DerMarderosian (1999) and Newall (1998) added the following:
Alkaloids:
carpaine, trigonelline yields nicotinic acid with roasting
Amino acids:
arginine
Fiber: Gum
(mucilage), neutral detergent fiber
Based upon an isotope dilution
technique, it has been concluded that methi
contains about 2-25 ppm sotolonen which is the dominant
flavor compound (ACS, 1997).
Therapeutic Indications
Methiis an
ancient plant and has been used throughout the world as a medicine, food and
spice. In Ayurveda, there are two different traditions to consider which can be
referred to as the Father lineage; the medicinal aspect based upon scriptures,
sutras and the traditions of the vaidyas, and the Mother lineage; cooking and
home remedies passed on from grandmothers to daughters through generations. These
traditions have, and still do today, serve all beings (Alakananda).
Father Lineage
Medicinally, methi has been indicated internally in
many conditions such as diabetes, high cholesterol, digestive problems,
cancers, fevers, impotence, asthma, and externally for mastitis, swellings, and
burns.
Diabetes
In bhavaprakasha
(2006), it is stated that methi
seeds are useful in treating diabetes, and based upon the following human
studies, this health claim has been documented. Amin (1987) demonstrated that the
hypoglycemic effects of methi
are due to stimulation of glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic
beta cells as well as by inhibition of the activities of alpha amylase and
sucrase, the intestinal enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion. Sharma (1990) conducted a randomized study in patients with type 2
diabetes for 10 days. 15 non-insulin dependent diabetic patients were randomly,
in a cross over design, given diets with or without 100 g of defatted methi
seed powder each. By incorporating methi,
there was a significant fall in fasting blood glucose levels, and the insulin
responses were significantly reduced. There was a 64% reduction in 24 hr.
urinary glucose excretion with significant alterations in serum lipid profile,
and the serum total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride
levels decreased without any alteration in HDL cholesterol fraction. Gupta (2001) tested 25 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes who
all had similar weight and clinical test results. They were randomly divided
into two equal groups, and for two months Group 1 received 1 g hydroalcoholic
extract of methiseeds daily, and Group 2 received
placebo capsules. At the end of the two months, the fasting blood glucose and 2-hr.
post-glucose blood glucose were not different among the two groups; however, there
was a decrease in the beta-cell secretion and increase in the insulin
sensitivity in Group 1 as compared to Group 2. The serum triglycerides also decreased
and HDL cholesterol increased significantly in Group 1 as compared to Group 2. In another study, 69 patients, whose blood glucose levels were not optimally
controlled by oral sulfonylureas hypoglycemic drugs, were randomly assigned: 46
in an experimental group who were given methi
saponins (TFGs), and 23 in the control group receiving placebo 3 times per day,
6 pills each time for 12 weeks. The patients continued taking their regular
hypoglycemic drugs. The combined therapy of TFGs with
sulfonylureas hypoglycemic drugs lowered the blood glucose level and improved
clinical symptoms (Fu-rong, 2008).
Cholesterol
Sharma (1991) conducted a study of 10 healthy,
non-obese people with serum cholesterol levels above 240 mg/dL. Each person was
assigned to receive a control diet and an experimental diet, which was
supplemented with defatted methi
seed powder over two successive time periods, each lasting 20 days. During the
experimental period, 100 g of defatted methi
powder was divided into two equal parts and incorporated into chapatti for
lunch and dinner. For the control period, the chapatti contained no methi.
After ingestion of the methi
diet, eight of the 10 subjects experienced a 25% reduction in serum
cholesterol; methi significantly
reduced the LDL and VLDL fractions without altering the HDL levels. After 20
days of the control diet, the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were
unchanged from baseline. In 1996, Sharma performed a long-term study with 60 diabetic patients,
40 of whom were taking one or more anti-diabetic medications. Each person was
initially placed on a control diet for seven days, followed by placement on an
experimental diet for 24 weeks. During this experimental diet, 25 g of methi
seed powder was divided into two equal parts and consumed in soup 15 minutes
prior to lunch and dinner. Blood tests were drawn and after 24 weeks of the
study; the total cholesterol level decreased 14% from baseline; a significant
result.
Digestion
Methi
seeds are useful in digestive complaints such as gastritis and gastric ulcers. In
2002, a study revealed that an aqueous solution and a gel fraction derived from
methi
seeds have anti-ulcer effects equivalent to Omeprazole, an over-the-counter
medication for dyspepsia, peptic
ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux. The researchers found that the methi
extracts protect the gastric mucosa from injury as well as reduces the
secretion of gastric acid (Pandian). According to the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia (1999), methi
seed powder is indicated for grahanii
(sprue or malabsorption syndrome) with dosage of 3-6 g. In the Textbook of Dravyaguna (2007), 1-3 g of methi seed powder soaked in fresh made
yoghurt relieves pravahika (gassy,
cramping and burning diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, Bhishagratna, 2002). Due to
the content of fiber and mucilage in methi
seeds, they also act as a laxative, the dosage ½-1 tsp. of freshly powdered
herb per one cup of water, followed by an additional cup of water, can be taken
1-3 times daily (Turner, 2005).
Antioxidant
Studies demonstrate that a polyphenol-rich aqueous
methanolicextract from methi
seeds have antioxidant properties and protect cellular structures from
oxidative damage (Kaviarasan, 2004, 2005; Farrukh, 2006).
Cancer
Trigonelline, the alkaloid constituent, in methi seeds has shown potential for use
in cancer therapy (Phillips, 1990).
In an in vitro study, the extract FE from methi
seeds was demonstrated to have toxic effect on cancer cells but not normal
cells. Treatment with 10-15 [micro]g/mL of FE for 72 hours turned out to be
growth inhibitory to breast, pancreatic and prostate cancer cells, and it was
discovered that "death of cancer cells occurs despite growth stimulatory
pathways being simultaneously upregulated by FE" (Shabbeer, 2009).
Other in vivo studies disclose that
diosgenin, an extract of methi,
hinders tumor growths by inhibiting Akt signaling. After treatment with diosgenin,
the incidence of breast hyperplasia decreased and toxicity was almost gone in breast
epithelial cells (Amin,
2005; Srinivasan, 2009). Diosgenin and ethanol extracts show to prevent colon
cancer by inducing apoptosis (Raju, 2004; Sebastian, 2007).
Galatagogue
In Bhavaprakasha (2006),
it is stated that methi "seeds are
anabolic and galactagogue and are used in children and mothers." A study in Indonesia
supports this statement when methi was
shown to be effective in 75 lactating women (Damanik, 2004).
In 1945, an Egyptian researcher
reported that methi
stimulates breast milk production; it was found that its use was associated
with increases in milk production of as much as 900% (Fleiss).
In the Warli tribe, the largest in the Dahanu area in Maharasthra, India
(about 120 km from Mumbai), a small amount of methi seeds are powdered and mixed in rice porridge and taken daily,
first thing in the morning to increase lactation in nursing mothers (Sayed,
2007).
During 1992, in Sudan, during
interviews with several grandmothers, it was discovered that they recommend methi for lactating mothers (Ahfad, 1995). Methi seeds contain flavonoids, phytoestrogen, which regulates the
hormones and aids the mammary glands to produce milk (as a consequence to the
stimulation of the secretion of prolactin) in nursing mothers (Sayed, 2007). In
addition, Rima Jensen, MD, (1992) suggests that methi affects the milk production because methi stimulates sweat production and
the breast is a modified sweat gland. Jensen (1992) has worked with at least
1200 women who have taken methi to
increase breast milk and most mothers did not need any other interventions to
develop sufficient milk. Generally within 24 to 72 hours after taking 2-3
capsules methi seed powder three
times a day, the mothers would experience a difference, and most of them found
that they could discontinue taking methi
when the milk production was stimulated to an appropriate level (Jensen, 1992).
Kathleen Huggins, the director of the breastfeeding clinic at San
Luis Obispo General Hospital, CA, uses methi for relactation and for mothers who are pumping for non-nursing
babies.
Other Uses
Methi
is an ally for both male and female concerns. In China, methi is used to treat male impotence, premature ejaculation and
low libido (Ody, 1993; Willard, 1991; Bensky, 1993). Egyptian women used methi
to ease menstrual pain (Ody, 1993). According to Depp, the leaves are helpful in anemia because
they are rich in iron. A poultice or plaster of the seeds and/or leaves can be
applied for engorged breasts or mastitis to help with let-down and to reduce
swellings and inflammation (Bonyata; Shah, 2007). Methi is also helpful in the induction of childbirth due to its
stimulating effect on uterine contractions (Turner, 2005). In bhavaprakasha (2006), it is stated that methi
is useful in fevers and that a paste of methi
leaves applied over the eyes relieves conjunctivitis. A poultice of the leaves is
also used for burns (Warrier, 2002), and the leaves are given internally for other
conditions of pitta (Warrier, 2002). In
traditional Chinese medicine, methi
seeds are used as a treatment for weakness and edema of the legs (Yoshikawa,
1997). Gargling
with warm methi
tea is said to soothe sore throats (Castleman, 1991; Hoffmann). For asthma, the
Jewish, Spanish born, physician Moses Maimonides, who lived in 1100, advised an
enema with sap of linseed and methi,
oil, chicken fat and beet juice (Muntner, 1963). The saponins in methi seeds have been extracted for use
in various other pharmaceutical products (Phillips, 1990), and in the development of oral contraceptives and
sex hormones, diosgenin is an important substance in the experiments (Rosengarten,
1969).
Preparations
In
the Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia (1999), methiis an ingredient
in the important formulations mustakaarista
and mrtasanjiivanii suraa. Aristha is an herbal wine prepared by
boiling (Sarngadhara). Sura means Aasava (Bharat, 2010) which is an herbal
wine made from cold water without boiling (Aarngadhara). Mrtasanjiivaniisuraa is
the drug of choice for kapha jvara,
sannipata jvara (tridoshic fever), daurbalya
(weakness and debility), krushuta
(emaciation), svasa (dyspnoea) and kasa (cough); it penetrates deep into
the lungs and thus helps to clear the air passages (Bharat, 2010).
Ingredients of mustakaaristha(Bharat, 2010)
·Mustaka
·Jaggary (gud)
·Maricha (black pepper)
·Dhatki (flower)
·Methika (fenugreek)
·Jirak (cumin)
·Dry Ginger (sunthi)
·Chitrak
·Lauang (clove)
·Ajwain
Ingredients of mrutsanjivanii suraa (Bharat, 2010)
·Very old Jaggery (Gud)
·Cinnamon
·Pomegranate
·Lajjalu
·Ashvagandha
·Devadaru
·Bilva
·Shyonak
·Gokshura
·Shalparni
·Prasnaparni
·Aruna
·Patla
·Moca
·Brihati
·Kantakari
·Indravaruni
·Badari
·Chitrak
·Punarnava
·Svyangupta
·Dhustura
·Poog
·Lotus
·Chandan (sandalwood)
·Ushir
·Shatpushpi
·Maricha (black pepper)
·Ajwain
·Krishna Jirak (black cumin)
·Sariva
·Cardamom
·Jathiphal
·Mustaka
·Granthparni
·Shunthi (dry ginger)
·Methika
·Shati
Methi is also part of the formula caturbiji, which contains chandrashura
(Lepidium sativum - gardencress
pepperweed), krishna jiraka (Nigella sativa - black cumin) and yavani (ajwain) (Pole, 2006). Caturbija powder treats conditions
caused by vata dosha such as indigestion, bloating, spasms, and thoracic and
pelvic pain (Bhavaprakasha, 2006).
Mother Lineage
The use of methi
as a spice in cooking is a known tradition in many cultures throughout the
world. In Rajasthan, the largest state in India, methi is an important ingredient
in the common spice combination of cumin seeds, onion, garlic paste, turmeric
powder, red chili powder, coriander powder, besan flour, jaggery, tamarind or
lime and salt (Mathur, 2009). When making Rajasthanicurries, the methi seeds
are usually boiled until soft, the cooking water is discarded to remove any
bitterness and then the seeds are seasoned with oil and other spices. Methi ladoo is a traditional sweet in Rajasthanprepared from roasted methi seed flour with added jaggery and
ghee. This sweet is mostly consumed during the winter for joint pains,
arthritis and rheumatism
(Mathur, 2009). Another Rajasthanipreparation is methi raita
which is made with fresh yoghurt and sprouted seeds eaten as such or seasoned
with spices (Mathur, 2009).
Home remedies date far back and there are many different ways on how to
use methi. For sinuses, simmer 2
tablespoons of crushed methi seeds in
2 cups of water for 30 minutes. Strain and add 1 tablespoon each of lemon and
onion juice. Drink several cups a day (Williams, 2005, p. 146).
To build blood, add 1 teaspoon each of methi seeds, dried comfrey and dandelion in 2 cups of boiling
water. Steep for 10 minutes, strain and add honey as sweetener. Drink after
meals (Williams, 2005, p. 183).
For lung and sinus congestion, blend 1 tablespoon each of methi, slippery elm, thyme, and comfrey.
Place powder in capsules and take 2 capsules every 2 hours for 3 days. When symptoms
are relieved take 2 capsules daily (Williams, 2005, p. 221).
As a tonic for good health in both humans and animals, add 2 teaspoons of
methi seeds in 1 cup of boiling
water. Steep for 15 minutes, strain and add at least once a week to the
drinking water (Williams, 2005, p.
250).
To get relief from a sore throat,
boil 3 tablespoon methi seeds, a handful
of mint leaves and 4 cups of water for 15 minutes, strain and cool. Gargle with
this decoction regularly until soreness disappears (Sanmugam, 2007, p. 84).
Ramadoss Prabhakaran (2010) from Madurai,
Tamil Nadu, India, shares that his mother used to take, and give the family, a
teaspoon of methi powder every day
with 1 glass of water during the summer to keep the body cool. She would take methi to relieve stomach pain due to the
heat, and a teaspoon of methi every
day to prevent diabetes. Yemenites Jews also consume methi
seeds. They soak, boil and liquefy the seeds in soups, sauces and vegetable shakes
(Goulart, 1995).
Methi
seeds contain mucilage and to keep skin soft, the seeds are soaked in water to
extract the mucilage, which is then applied to the skin (Shah, 2007). To
enhance a clear complexion, soak 2 Tbsp. methi
seeds in water for 30 minutes, then drain the water. Blend the seeds with 2
Tbsp. dried methi leaves and ¾ cup coconut milk. Then add 1 Tbsp. chickpea
flour and stir until paste is free from lumps. Apply a thin layer of the paste
on a clean and dry face and neck. Leave the mask on for 15 minutes or until it
is dry, then rinse it off with lukewarm water and pat dry with a towel (Sanmugam,
2007, p. 85).
Methi
also promotes hair growth, and Dr. Smitha Yavagal, an Indian beautician,
suggests the following home remedies for hair growth and dandruff:
Soak methi seeds in coconut oil under
direct sunrays for seven days. Then apply to scalp.
Make
a paste using methi powder and
coconut milk. Rub this paste on scalp briskly and cover with a plastic
cap, leave it on for 30 minutes and wash the hair with mild shampoo.
Take 1
part Bengal gram (chana dal), 1 part green gram (green chana) and ½ part methi seeds. Powder them coarsely.
This mixture can be used to wash your hair. It does not remove the natural
oil from the hair and thus prevents dryness of hair.
For
dandruff soak 2 Tbsp. methi
seeds overnight in water, in the morning grind the seeds into a fine
paste. Apply the paste throughout the scalp and leave it on for ½ hour.
Then wash the hair thoroughly.
To make hair silky and glossy, soak 2 tablespoons of methi
seeds in water for 30 minutes. Drain the water and blend with 2 tablespoons
dried methi leaves and ¾ cup milk or coconut milk into a paste. Apply onto
pre-washed scalp and hair and leave in for 20 minutes. Rinse off and shampoo as
usual (Sanmugam, 2007, p. 83).
To increase volume of hair, soak 3
tablespoons of methi seeds in ¾ cup
water for 6 hours. Grind the seeds into a paste with the water and slowly stir
in 3 tablespoons soap nut powder, mix well. Rub paste into scalp and leave it
in for about 30 minutes, then rinse off and shampoo as usual (Sanmugam, 2007,
p. 169).
Herb-Drug Interaction
& Contraindications
Methi
is safe when used in moderation for its intended use; it is listed on the Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) list of
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (CFR). Yet, as with most
medications and herbs, side effects have been noted.
Caution should be taken when taking Warfarin or other anticoagulant
drugs such as Heparin used to stop blood from clotting.Due to the coumarin content inmethi,
it can enhance the anticoagulant activity and in combination with Warfarin or
Heparin, the international normalized ratio (INR) may increase and cause
bleeding (Lambert, 2001).
Since methi can lower blood sugar, it is important to
monitor blood sugar levels when taking Insulin, Glipizide or other anti-diabetic
drugs. Dosage adjustment of anti-diabetic drugs may be necessary when taking methi
on a regular basis (Fetrow, 1999).
Due to the amine content in methi,
the effect of Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may be enhanced (Fetrow,
1999), and in theory, methi
may impair absorption of oral medications due to its high content of
mucilaginous fiber (Fetrow, 1999).
If taken in large amounts, methi
can cause contractions of the uterus. Thus, women who are pregnant should avoid
therapeutic doses (Bown; Chevallier,
1996). However, a study of pregnant rats fed with 75 mg/kg p.o. (a dose
equal to therapeutic doses for diabetes) trigonelline, extract of methi, showed no significant difference
in the implants or numbers of offspring to that of the control group; the
litters all survived and were normal growth (Shah, 2006). It is therefore
controversial if methi can cause
abortions.
Since methi
is in the same family as peanuts and chickpeas, methi should be used with caution or avoided if there is a history
of peanut or chickpea allergy (Patil 1997;
Ohnuma
1998; Lawrence,
1999).
If taking larger doses (more than
100 g per day) adverse reactions such as nausea or diarrhea can occur, or even
more severe pitta provocation such as bleeding, bruising or hypoglycemia. If
there is excessive topical use, skin irritation can happen, and inhalation of
the powder may cause asthma or allergic reactions such as swelling, numbness or
wheezing (Fetrow, 1999).
The safety is not well-documented
for use in small children or persons with liver or kidney disease (Turner, 2005).
Depending on the dose used, methi
may cause a maple syrup odor in sweat and urine (Turner, 2005).
Conclusion
For thousands of years, methi
seeds and leaves have been used as incense, perfume, food and medicine for
human beings as well as animals. It is mentioned in ancient texts such as Ebers Papyrus and Bhavaprakasha for its medicinal values. Methi lowers vata and kapha dosha as well as raktapitta in the prakopa stage of samprapti.
Many researchers have studied the therapeutic effects of methi seeds and have established the fact that methi lowers cholesterol and blood sugar due to its saponin
content, stimulating effect on glucose-dependent insulin secretion from
pancreatic beta cells, and by inhibiting the activities of alpha amylase and
sucrase. Methi protects the gastric
mucosa and can help digestive complaints such as gastritis and gastric ulcers.
The polyphenol-rich extract has antioxidant properties and prevents oxidative
damage, and trigonelline, diosgenin and ethanol extracts have been found useful
in the cure of breast, pancreatic, prostate and colon cancer by hindering tumor
growth. Methi is a galactagogue due
to its content of flavonoids and phytoestrogen and is used by nursing mothers
around the world. While considered safe for most uses, precaution is warranted
for some applications of methi. Yet its far reaching effects make methi an herb with substantial benefits
to those who use it as intended.
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Heterocycles 47(1):397
Rhus Glabra L. is
one of the most common sumacs. It is an attractive ornamental plant and is
cultivated by many for its beauty. The scientific name Rhus Glabra comes from Greek and rhus is derived from "rhous"
which means bushy sumac, glabra means
smooth and refers to the stem and leaves of the plant (Kindscher, 1987).
How the Plant was chosen
In order to choose an appropriate plant for this project, it
is important to find out if the plant has previously been described
ayurvedically.
First I looked up the plant in Yoga of Herbs by Dr. Vasant Lad and David Frawley (1988). They
mention Sumach but only briefly in their tables.
Then I looked in the online source for The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and found Tintidika, which is a
different species of Sumac.
I also found Rhus glabra
in Planetary Herbology by Michael Tierra
and David Frawley (1988), which led to a bit of discussion whether or not the
plant was described ayurvedically. The conclusion was that the information
provided was not sufficient as an ayurvedic description. Thus, I was granted
permission to focus on Rhus glabra L.
For information on Native
American names of Rhus glabra L.
refer to Kindscher (1987, 1992).
Appearance
Rhus glabra L.is a large shrub or
sometimes a small tree with open, flattened crown of a few stout, spreading
branches and with whitish sap. The height can vary from 2-20 ft.
LEAVES
Rhus glabra below North Fork Mountain, West Virginia, USA. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
The leaves are alternate, stalked, odd-pinnately compoundwith slender axis, 12
- 20 inches long (30 - 50 cm), with
11-31 lance-shaped to elliptic leaflets, which are 2 - 4 inches (5-10 cm) long
and ¾ to 1¼ inches wide. The upper surfaces of the leaflets are
dark green and shiny/glossy, the lower surfaces dull and whitish;they are hairless,
almost stalkless, andhave
toothed serrated marginsand pointed tips.
The leaves turn bright red in the
autumn.
BARK
The bark is light brown and smooth on
young plants, on older wood it is smooth or becoming scaly and grey to brown.
STEM
The stem is erect, rigid, very stout, hairless, angular, smooth, has raised air pores, and covered with a whitish coat that can
be wiped off. It is reddish purple when young, grayish when mature.
The small, numerous flowers occur in large branched clusters at the ends of
the branches; they are less than 1/8 inches (3 mm) wide, crowded in large
upright clusters to 8 inches (20 cm) long.
The staminate flowers are small and yellowish green; they
have 5-parted calyces, 5 whitish petals, distinct, and ovate with 5 stamens, which
have yellow anthers.
The pistillate flowers are similar, in smaller clusters,
more densely flowered; and have yellowish stigmas.
The buds are small, covered with
brown hair.The inflorescences are panicles, dense, pyramid-shaped, 4 to 10
inches long, and terminal.
FRUITS
The fruits of Rhus glabra
L. are crowded in upright clusters
of red drupes4 to 6 inches tall. Each drupe (a fleshy fruit with a hard or stony
center) is about 1/8 inches (3 mm) in diameter, round, contains a single smooth seed, numerous,
dark red, and covered with short sticky red hairs
Habitat(s), ecosystem(s) and geographic range where found
Rhus glabra L.is found in open uplands including
edges of forests, grasslands, clearings, roadsides, and waste places,
especially in sandy soils (eNature.com). It also grows at pastures, along
railroads, and is cultivated in private settings (Kindscher, 1992).
It grows in colonies that result from stems sprouting from
roots (Missouri Department of Conservation).
Rhus glabra L. is native
to North America;
it is the only shrub or tree species native to all 48 contiguous states
(eNature.com). In addition, it stretches from southern Quebec west to
southern British Columbia in Canada, and to Tamaulipas
in northeastern Mexico.
Phenology (time of growth, flowering and fruiting)
The flowering period is in the spring (from May to June). The
male and female are usually on separate plants.
Fruits mature in late summer (from August through September)
and remain attached in winter.
Ecologic Status
(widespread, uncommon, weed)
According to Elpel (2008) there
are 60 different species of the Rhus genus
in the world out of which there are two species in Colorado.
Poison Oak, poison Ivy and poison Sumac used to be included
in the Rhus genus, however, nowadays
they are separated into their own Toxicodendron
genus (Elpel, 2008).
Poison ivy fruits are yellowish white
and clustered.
Poison ivy flowers are small
and scentless.
Raspberry And Poison Ivy Leaves (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Trees that might be confused
with Rhus glabra: Tree of
heaven - Ailanthusaltissima.
It is a common 'weed tree' in urban areas but can also invade disturbed forest
areas.
California Black Walnut Latina: Juglans californica Made in San Jose, California. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Rhus copallina, Cambridge University Botanic Garden (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Rhus typhina (syn. R. hirta) (Photo credit: Wikipedia)
Rhus hirta
Tintidika, a
different species of Rhus, is
described in The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia
of India.
Medicinal Information
Collecting
Flowers in spring from May to
June. Leaves when turning red in the autumn. Berries when ripe in autumn. Bark
and roots may also be gathered.
Preparation
Tea
from berries, leaves and roots.
Bark
syrup
Root
bark poultice
Leaves
dried and smoked
(Source: Foster & Hobbs).
Medicinal Use
According to Foster & Hobbs
(2002),
I. The berries are used as tea in traditional European folk
medicine to treat:
Postpartum
bleeding
Bloody
discharge
Urinary
tract problems
Diabetes
Fever
Vomiting
Bed-wetting
Gargled
for ulcerations of mouth and throat
Externally
to wash ringworm lesions and slow healing ulcers
II. Leaf tea used for:
Diarrhea
Urinary
tract disorders
Cystitis
Tuberculosis
Asthma
Syphilis
III. Root tea used:
Externally
as a postpartum wash for bleeding
Internally
to relieve painful urination, urinary retention, colds, dysentery,
suppressed appetite, and as an emetic.
IV. Bark syrup used to:
Stimulate
lactation
Stop
bleeding
Gonorrhea
Vaginal
yeast infections
Dysentery
Swollen
lymph nodes
V. Root bark poultice used externally on old ulcers.
VI. Leaves smoked with tobacco for head and lung problems.
According to Hartley, Rhus
glabra is also used in gargles as an antiseptic, refrigerant and diuretic. A
strong decoction or diluted fluid extract, affords an agreeable gargle for
angina.
In the homeopathic system of medicine Rhus glabra is used in occipital headache, ulceration of mouth,
stomatitis, epistaxic and profuse perspiration (Boericke, 1984).
Additional information: Kindscher, 1987, 1992.
Primary Constituents
Leaves and bark contain gallic
and tannic acid (Elpel, 2008).
In an antibiotic screening of British Colombian medicinal
plants, it was found that Rhus glabra
was more effective in its crude methanolic extracts than the other 100 plants
screened. The extract showed both the widest zones of inhibition in a disc
assay, and the broadest spectrum of activity (McCutcheon et al. 1992). The
chloroform/methanol extract was fractionated and revealed three antimicrobial
compounds; gallic acid and two of its methylated derivatives,
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid and 4-methoxy-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Saxena et
al., 1994). Only gallic acid has been isolated from Rhus glabra in the past (Doorenbos, 1976). These compounds showed
better activity against the gram-negative bacteria than the gram-positive
bacterium Staphylococcus aureus.
While this study explains the traditional uses of Rhus glabra by native peoples, it is unlikely to lead to new
antibacterial drugs (Hartley).
Other Use
Raw young sprouts were eaten
by the Indians as salad. The sour fruit, mostly seed, can be chewed to quench
thirst or prepared as a drink similar to lemonade. It is also consumed by birds
of many kinds and small mammals, mainly in winter. Deer browse the twigs and
fruit throughout the year (eNature.com).
The berries can be infused into
cold water to make a good lemonade-type drink (Elpel, 2008)
Sumac thickets provide shelter for wildlife. Native
Americans used the drupes medicinally to treat sunburn and sores and to make
red and black dyes; the roots to make a yellow dye; and sometimes smoked the
dried red leaves. Deer and sheep sometimes consume the leaves (Kansas
Wildflower & Grasses).
Additional information: Kindscher, 1987, 1992.
Contraindications
Potentially toxic in large or
concentrated doses (Foster & Hobbs).
Ayurvedic Information
V+P-K-
Rasa: Kasaya (astringent),
Amla (sour)
Virya: Shita (cooling)
Vipaka: Amla (sour), Katu (pungent)
Prabhava: Madhura (sweet)
Guna: Ruksha (dry), Shita (cold), Laghu (light), Guru
(heavy) (Lad, 1997, p. 248)
Mahabhuta: Vayu (air), Prthvi (earth) (Lad, 1997, p. 248), and Tejo (fire) (Lad, 1997, 244)
Alterative (blood
cleansing)Rakta shodhana
Anti-diarrhea (stops
diarrhea)Brmhaniya
Anti-diuretic (increases
absorption of fluids) Mutrasangrahania
Cooling herbs create a sense of refreshment, a
lifting of feelings of oppression. They promote detoxification and clarity.
They tend to clear Pitta and the
blood but can also increase vata and kapha. When taken in excess, cooling
substances produce an undesirable coldness, hypoenervation, frailty, sadness,
nervousness, poor memory and gradual degeneration (Tierra & Frawley).
According to Sharma (1995), the general systemic
action of kashaya (astringent taste)
is healing, absorbing, anti-diuretic, and normalizing skin pigmentation.
Furthermore, it acts on diarrhea, hemorrhage, wounds, polyuria, and respiratory
disorders.
Astringent taste is sedative, stops diarrhea, aids
in healing of joints, and promotes absorption of bodily fluids, and the closing
and healing of sores and wounds (Lad & Frawley, 1986).
Astringent causes shrinkage of mucous membranes or exposed
tissues. It may be applied internally to check discharge of blood serum or mucous
secretions caused by sore throat or diarrhea, or applied externally on cuts,
allergies, fungal infection, scars or insect bites. Astringent also helps to
heal stretch marks and other scars (Mother Herbs & Agro Products).
Psychologically, astringent taste is supportive and
grounding, it brings things together and makes the mind collected and
organized, putting everything in its right place (Lad, 1997, p. 249).
Sour taste improves the taste of food, enkindles
the digestive fire, add bulk to the body, invigorates, awakens the mind, gives
firmness to the senses, increases strength, dispels intestinal gas and flatus,
gives contentment to the heart, promotes salivation, aids swallowing,
moistening and digestion of food, gives nourishment (Lad & Frawley, 1986).
Sour taste brings comprehension, appreciation,
recognition and discrimination. It makes the mind alert, sharp and enhances the
span of attention (Lad, 1997, p. 245).
Contraindications
The taste of kashaya
(astringent) is contraindicated in disorders such as vata provocation, general
debility, and loss of appetite (Sharma).
Poison ivy fruits are yellowish white
and clustered.
